Teaching dictionaries of the Chinese language. Explanatory dictionaries of the Chinese language Russian Chinese dictionary with drawing hieroglyphs

I recently found sites Chinese-Russian dictionary online. They have a wonderful convenient function - manual input of hieroglyphs. So I decided to talk about these sites.

One of the biggest difficulties in learning Chinese is the characters. And many will agree with this. And in recent times hieroglyphs are interesting not only for those who study Chinese.

In general, find a good Chinese-Russian dictionary-online turned out to be not easy. At one time I used one such dictionary, in general, complete, good. But if you don’t know how to pronounce a hieroglyph, and this hieroglyph is not written in electronic form, but, for example, on paper, on clothes or even on wallpaper, then finding this hieroglyph in such a dictionary was as difficult as in a paper dictionary.

Now I use for such purposes - a translator program that is installed on a computer and can work without an Internet connection.

What sites do I mean?

Sites with manual input of hieroglyphs

First Online Dictionary

With his help, I quickly found some hieroglyphs.

Second online dictionary

When you place the cursor in the input field, a window for writing a hieroglyph appears. True, in my browser Google Chrome does not work, but works fine in Internet Explorer.

P.S. Unfortunately, at the moment (04/02/2014) there is no possibility of manual input on this site... but there are other useful things. Maybe later this function will be returned.

/new! dated 04/02/2014 / Fourth online dictionary

The principle is the same.

This online dictionary contains many entries. You can type in the search and pinyin. When you enter a search word, offers options.

Maybe it will come in handy for you - decipher the inscription on your favorite T-shirt

1) Big Chinese-Russian dictionary (printed version)

You can buy it, for example, on Ozone. There are BCRS authors Z. I. Baranova, V. E. Gladtskov, V. A. Zhavoronkov, B. G. Mudrov for 150,000 words:

and BKRS for 450,000 words (this dictionary is not only Chinese-Russian, but also Russian-Chinese):

In the dictionary, we start searching by keys. Everything is quite simple: we look at the hieroglyph, determine the key, count the number of strokes in the key, open the list of keys and now you are sent to a page, say 765, where all the hieroglyphs with these keys are located.

Now we count the number of strokes in the second part of the hieroglyph, let's say 7. On page 765 we find our key plus 7 strokes of the second part and here we are again sent to the page for translation, say 1465.
This is, of course, a very long option. There are other dictionaries that work according to other principles, although this mostly comes down to counting traits. There are also dictionaries in which hieroglyphs are arranged according to the Latin alphabet of their sound. In fact, this is useful if you know pinyin, but do not know the value, which solves half the problem.

2) computer program Lingvo

Download Lingvo, purchase a license, install the Chinese language, not forgetting to set the permission for the visibility of hieroglyphs in Windows (start-control panel-language and regional standards - languages-install support for languages ​​with hieroglyphs, insert the Windows installation disk. After copying the files, restart the computer) .
The latest version of Lingvo has not only Chinese-Russian dictionaries, but also Chinese-English and English-Chinese dictionaries, as well as Chinese-Russian and Russian-Chinese phrasebooks. If you do not have Russian-Chinese dictionaries, we type Russian word in the Chinese-Russian dictionary, and a search for all articles will begin, which can be quite effective.

This is one of the strange entries from my blog, an English teacher's blog. The thing is, I'm learning Chinese Chinese language courses at the Dmitry Nikitin School in Yaroslavl. About the tactics and methods that I use to more effective learning Chinese, I already wrote in the entry. And today I would like to tell you about Chinese learning dictionaries, which help me in the exciting business of learning Chinese.

I must say right away that (it happened so by chance) I know English quite well, and therefore most of the Chinese dictionaries that I use contain comments mainly in English.

Chinese dictionaries based on English

• user-friendly interface, in which there is a lot of “air”, and therefore the dictionary is very easy to use;
• dictionary recognizes handwriting;
• determines the order of lines in a Chinese character;
• in the dictionary, each character is voiced.

• sometimes translated into English inaccurate, which I learn about in class with a Chinese tutor. This, however, can be said of all Chinese translation dictionaries and can probably be explained by the huge cultural difference between European and Asian languages.

I am using this Chinese vocabulary to determine the etymology of a Chinese word, to identify the constituent parts of Chinese characters.

Pros of this Chinese dictionary:

• you can click on a part of the hieroglyph, and you will be shown one of its components;
• the etymology of Chinese characters in English is very well disclosed.

Cons of this Chinese dictionary:

• terrible, confusing interface.

I use this Chinese dictionary to determine the sound of Chinese characters, study the order of lines in Chinese characters, determine the frequency of a particular Chinese character, memorize stable phrases with Chinese characters. The latter is especially important to me, since I believe that any foreign language it is necessary to study by memorizing phrases and set expressions, which I write about in the notes,,.

Pros of this Chinese dictionary:

• the constituent components of Chinese characters and the order of the lines are clearly visible;
• phrases with Chinese characters are given;
• the pronunciation of both Chinese characters and their constituent parts is demonstrated;
• the frequency of use of hieroglyphs is indicated.

I use this Chinese dictionary to break down Chinese characters into their component parts so that you can memorize the characters more effectively.

Pros of this Chinese dictionary:

• the information is structured in the form of a tree, so the connection of one Chinese character with another is clearly visible.

I did not find any cons of this Chinese dictionary.

I use this Chinese dictionary to determine the dictionary meaning of Chinese characters, clarify the meaning of jargon, clarify the meaning of professional and academic Chinese vocabulary.

Pros of this Chinese dictionary:

• very good for translating texts from Chinese to other languages ​​and from other languages ​​to Chinese.

This Chinese dictionary has no cons. A very useful site for learners of Chinese.

Educational explanatory dictionaries of the Chinese language

I use this Chinese dictionary to look up the meaning of Chinese idioms, set expressions and anything else that I couldn't find in other Chinese dictionaries.

Pros of this Chinese dictionary:

• this Chinese dictionary is edited by users (like Wikipedia), which makes it quite up-to-date and colloquial;
• all necessary actions are clear intuitively.

Cons of this Chinese dictionary:

I use this Chinese dictionary as my main one.

Pros of this Chinese dictionary:

• shows the procedure for writing a hieroglyph;
• allows you to hear the pronunciation of the hieroglyph;
• gives the meaning of the character;
• offers options for stable combinations with the given hieroglyph;
• demonstrates the historical version of the writing of the hieroglyph and the transformation of the spelling;
• the mobile version is downloaded using the QR code posted on the site.

I did not find any cons of this Chinese dictionary.

The origin and development of Chinese dictionaries.

The continuous development of Chinese lexicographic thought, starting roughly from the 3rd-2nd centuries BC. e., created a tradition and continuity between the dictionaries of different eras.

The stability of the written literary language Wenyan made it possible for many centuries to maintain the stability of the hieroglyphic set and the uniformity of the interpretation of hieroglyphic signs.

The fundamental dictionaries of ancient and modern Chinese are considered by linguists to be dictionaries of three periods:

Vocabulary Er "I 尔雅 "Approximation to the classics" (III-II century BC).

Fang yang 方言 "Local words" (the first dictionary of dialect vocabulary). Western Han ( 西漢 ) (206-9 BC). Over 9000 hieroglyphs.

shouwen jiezi 说文解字 (Xu Shen, ding. Han). The dictionary describes the meaning of 9353 hieroglyphs, as well as 1163 graphic variants of their spelling.

Zihui 字彙 /字汇 ( , published in 1627. Based on it, the dictionary "Kangxi Zidian" is created.

kangxi zidian 康熙字典 (1716) Contains 47,021 hieroglyphs.

3. Modern Chinese dictionaries of hieroglyphs (zidian字典 )

Qiyuan 辞源 "Source of Words". (First edition: 1915)

Tsyhai 辞海 "Sea of ​​words". (First edition: 1936)

xinhua zidian 新华字典 (published since 1953. In 2004 - the tenth edition)

zhonghua dajidian 中华大字典

Hanyu dajidian 漢語大字典 (1986-1989, contains 54,678 characters)

Guoyu Qidian 国语词典

xiandai hanyu qidian 现代汉语词典

Hanyu daqidian 汉语大词典 (Big Chinese Dictionary) / Ch. ed. Luo Zhufeng ( 罗竹风 ). T. 1-12. Shanghai, (1986-1993).

Zhongwen Da Qidian 中文大辭典 (Great Dictionary of the Chinese Language in 38 volumes. Taipei, 1962-1968).

1. Dictionaries of Ancient China. The era of the beginning of our era.

Er'ya Dictionary ( Erya 爾雅 "Approximation to the Classics".

The origin of explanatory Chinese dictionaries is attributed by historians to the period of creation of the first ancient Chinese lexicon, which has come down to the 21st century.

Dictionary "Erya" (Erya) is considered by researchers as the oldest explanatory dictionary of Chinese characters, a Chinese encyclopedia, a manuscript-ancestor of vocabulary in China.

Manuscript dating: III-II century. BC.

The original version of the dictionary dates from the end of the Zhangguo era (3rd century BC).

Subsequently, throughout the Han era and later, the dictionary was edited and replenished.

Dictionary sources: ancient Chinese written monuments of the pre-Qin period, belonging to various genres. The oral language and professional jargons of Ancient China are considered as additional sources.

Literal translation of the dictionary name:

Ĕr: "You, you, ours, yours",

Yǎ: "elegant, correct, correct, sensible".

Hypothesis 1: the collective work of scientists of ancient China, created in the III-II centuries BC. e.

Dictionary classification:"Er'ya" is defined as a complex dictionary that combines the properties of linguistic and encyclopedic dictionaries.

The meanings of ancient Chinese words are explained or translated by means of the commonly understood language of that time.

Contains interpretations of hieroglyphs, information on spelling and grammar, encyclopedic data.

The dictionary reflects the lexical composition of the ancient Chinese language of the pre-Qin period.

The subject of the lexicographic description in the dictionary are monosyllabic and two-syllable units written using hieroglyphic writing.

Explanation of vocabulary (interpretation of the meaning of hieroglyphs found in ancient texts)

Clarification of words (interpretation of adjectives and verbs found in ancient texts)

Explanation of gloss (interpretation of stable words and phrases)

Clarification of kinship (interpretation of kinship terms)

Explanation of dwellings (buildings and their elements)

Explanation of utensils (dishes, food, clothing)

Explaining Musical Instruments

Explanation of celestial bodies (astronomical objects and phenomena)

Clarification of territories (administrative division)

Clarification of hills (hills and uplands)

Clarification of the mountains

Clarification of the waters

Clarification of herbs

Clarifying Trees

Clarification of insects

Fish clarification

Clarification of the birds

Explaining Wild Animals

Clarification of pets

The dictionary consists of nineteen parts, each of which contains headings and subsections. Parts (4, 8, 9, 10, 12, 18 and 19 thematic).

Part 4 explains the vocabulary in the semantic field "family, marriage".

Parts 1-3 reveal the meaning of abstract concepts.

Parts 4-19 explain specific words and terms.

The entire vocabulary of the dictionary is divided into two groups:

Usual (abstract, non-terminological);

Terminological vocabulary.

Structure and composition of the dictionary entry:

The minimum unit for presenting information in the "Er'ya" dictionary is a gloss, written in the form of a particular formula.

Standard full-length gloss "Er'ya": includes:

Unit of description "unknown" (explained / interpreted part);

Interpretation (explaining / interpreting part).

Number of entries: 2094

In total, the dictionary explains 13,113 hieroglyphs written on 19 pins - bundles of 20-30 bamboo planks. Planks size: 1x 20-40 cm.

Modern most complete dictionaries of the Chinese language contain interpretations of about 60,000 characters. Educated Chinese speakers master about 10,000 characters in their lifetime.

The absence of an alphabet in the Chinese language created a structure for the distribution of dictionary entries by topic: terms of kinship, dwellings, utensils, musical instruments, celestial bodies, territories, hills, mountains, waters, grasses, trees, insects, fish, birds, wild animals, domestic animals.

Dictionary value:

The creation of the Er'ya dictionary symbolizes the beginning of the Chinese linguistic tradition. Subsequently, lexicography becomes a popular area of ​​Chinese linguistics.

Dictionary of Showenjiezi 说文解字 ( Pinyin: Shuōwén Jĕzì ).

Dictionary value: sample of the explanatory dictionary of ancient China.

The first dictionary containing all the characters of the Han time.

In the Han era, there was a need for dictionaries with a more extended semantic field. At that time, the most common lexicographic source was canonical compositions.

The author of the dictionary laid the foundations for the theory of word formation and linguistics, which later developed into the doctrine of the "six categories of hieroglyphs." The dictionary "Showen jiezi" is a valuable source of information about the language of ancient China.

Dictionary name translation:"Explanation of simple characters and interpretation of complex ones", "Explanation of simple characters and analysis of complex characters".

Dictionary author: presumably the Chinese scholar Xu Shen (1st century CE) who produced most of the book. Due to the persecution of science and Confucianism, the creation of the dictionary was suspended. Compilation of the dictionary was resumed during the reign of the next emperor, when the dictionary was published, presented to the imperial court by the son of the scholar Xu Chong in 121 AD.

Manuscript dating: around 100 AD (the afterword to the dictionary testifies to the fact that the dictionary was provided to the emperor in 121).

By the beginning of our era, the number of written characters was significantly increased.

The list of Li Si (III century BC) covered 3300 characters.

The dictionary "Sho wen" contained about 10,500 characters.

Dictionary "Guyang Ya" (beginning of the 3rd century AD) described more than 18,000 characters.

One of the characteristics of the character of Chinese writing is the absence of an alphabet. Dictionary compilers used the method of arranging hieroglyphs in a certain order, which makes it possible to quickly find the desired hieroglyph.

"Showen jieji" is the first dictionary with the applied method of distributing hieroglyphs by keys, basic graphic elements of hieroglyphs, which optimizes the search for interpretations of hieroglyphs in cases where even the approximate meaning of a word is unknown.

To search for words, a rubricator has been created with 540 basic categories in which hieroglyphs are combined into categories.

Simple (consisting of one graphic element, formed from an ideogram or a pictogram, an ancient image).

Complex (formed by merging two or more simple graphic elements).

The difference between this dictionary and the "Er'ya" dictionary is the representation of the etymological meaning of the word.

Number of entries: 9353

Dictionary entry:

The dictionary entry "Showen jiezi" consisted of:

Hieroglyph,

Explanations of its meaning

Graphic structure explanations.

The meaning of the hieroglyph was determined by means of synonyms.

Less common words were interpreted with the help of more common ones, ancient words - with the help of modern ones.

In the absence of a synonym, a description was used: for example, "leopard" (bao) - "looks like a tiger, but with round spots."

In some cases, the interpretation of the meanings was encyclopedic in nature.

Occasionally there are several meanings of the interpreted word. Sometimes the borrowed rather than the main meaning acts as the main interpretation.

In most cases, there is no indication of reading hieroglyphs in the "Sho wen" dictionary. In some cases, if it was necessary for understanding, reading was indicated with the help of another well-known sign (“read in the same way as ...”).

2. Dictionaries of the late imperial period.

Dictionary "Kangxi Zidian" 康熙字典 (Pinyin: Kāngxī Zìdiǎn).

Dictionary value: sample of historically valuable dictionaries. Dictionary of the Chinese language, considered the standard manual throughout the 18th and 19th centuries.

Dictionary dating: compiled in 1710-1716. by order of Emperor Kangxi of the Qing Dynasty.

The history of the creation of the dictionary: by order of the emperor, the compilation of the dictionary was designed for 5 years, which made the presence of errors in the compilation of texts inevitable.

After the publication of the dictionary, Emperor Daoguang founded a collegium, which in the "Study of the text of the dictionary of hieroglyphs" (1831) corrected 2588 errors, mainly in quotations and statements.

The supplemented dictionary contained 47,035 hieroglyphs and an additional 1,995 graphic variants, totaling 49,030 characters. The hieroglyphs were grouped into 214 keys and distributed in order according to the number of additional lines in the hieroglyph.

Dictionary sources: the foundation of the Kangxi dictionary are two known examples of dictionaries dating back to the previous Ming Dynasty (1386-1644):

Dictionary Zihui (Zihui "Hieroglyphic Glossary"). Published in 1615.

Dictionary Zhengzi tong (Zhengzi tong "Fundamentals of Spelling"). Published 1625

Number of entries: about 49,000.

Dictionary features: the dictionary also provides explanations of obsolete characters, explains etymology, semantics and phonetics, and is one of the main sources for the study of wenyan (wēnyán "classical Chinese written language").

Dictionary entry: the article of hieroglyphs gives their spellings, pronunciations, variations, meanings and examples of use in the form of quotations from Chinese classics. The dictionary also contains rhyme tables with hieroglyphs.

3. Modern dictionaries.

Xinhua 新华字典 "New Chinese Character Dictionary" (Xīnhuá zìdiǎn).

Meaning: the most famous modern explanatory dictionary of the Chinese language. The best selling Chinese dictionary.

Vocabulary Popularity Scale: world.

Dictionary dating: 1953 edited by renowned linguist lexiographer Wei Jian Gong (1901-1980).

Dictionary history:

1957 - reissue of the dictionary with headings according to the phonetic principle. The original version received significant changes. The Commercial Publishing House released the Xinhua Character Dictionary, sorted alphabetically by pinyin. It has long been popular among Chinese students.

The dictionary was reprinted about ten times.

2000 - the latest edition of the dictionary is provided with an English translation of the words.

The total circulation of the publication at the beginning of 2006 amounted to 500 million copies.

2004 - publication of the 10th edition of the dictionary (11200 hieroglyphs).

The dictionary uses simplified characters and phonetic pinyin transcription.

Structure:

Index of hieroglyphs by phonetic transcription,

key pointer,

Index by number of strokes,

Pointer to four corners.

Number of entries: 11 200.

Dictionary "Sea of ​​Chinese characters".

Dictionary value: dictionary of hieroglyphs used in the countries of the Chinese cultural circle.

Dictionary editors: Leng Yu-long and Wei Yi-hsin 冷玉龙，韦一心著 . 中华字海 . 北京 : 中华书局，中国友谊出版公司 .

Dictionary dating: 1994 Second edition - 1996

Number of entries: 87 019

sources of increasing the vocabulary of the dictionary:

buddhist texts,

All types of abbreviations and variations,

Folk styles of different times (so-called suzi), found in woodcut printed folk books and some novels, as well as used by illiterate merchants or waiters.

The dictionary reflects local characters for writing dialect words, such as Cantonese. The dictionary covers a wide range of characters used in Taiwan, Hong Kong, Macau, Singapore, Japan and Korea.

"Great Chinese Dictionary"

Dictionary value: at present, it is the largest and most complete dictionary of Chinese word combinations (it contains only 22,000 individual characters).

Dictionary editors: Lo Zhu-feng 罗竹风主编 . 汉语大词典 . 1-12册 . 附录 . 索引 . 上海 : 上海辞书出版社 .

Dictionary dating: 1986-1993

Number of volumes: 12

- ancient vocabulary;

Modern vocabulary indicating the readings of hieroglyphs;

Clarification of the meaning of words;

Accepted abbreviated forms of hieroglyphs.

Dictionary "Source of hieroglyphs" 约斋编

Dictionary value: a hieroglyphic dictionary explaining the ancient pictographic styles, giving information about the graphic source, the prototype image that gave rise to the modern writing of the hieroglyph.

Dictionary editor: Yu Zhai.

Dictionary dating: 1953

Pictographic styles 1096 hieroglyphs;

The image of the gradual transformation of styles into modern signs.

Each sign is given:

Explanation;

Short description its transformation with the image.

All signs are divided into themes: man, nature, vessels and utensils, etc.

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