home > Transmission > Linguistic taste, linguistic norm, linguistic aggression. Coursework: Language norm. Speaking about the causes of verbal aggression, Shcherbinina Yu.V. in his book "Verbal Aggression" writes that one of the reasons is "insufficient awareness of one's own speech

Linguistic taste, linguistic norm, linguistic aggression. Coursework: Language norm. Speaking about the causes of verbal aggression, Shcherbinina Yu.V. in his book "Verbal Aggression" writes that one of the reasons is "insufficient awareness of one's own speech

The concept of a norm is usually associated with the idea of correct, literary literate speech, and literary speech itself is one of the aspects of a person’s general culture.

The norm, as a socio-historical and deeply national phenomenon, characterizes, first of all, the literary language - recognized as an exemplary form of the national language. Therefore, the terms "linguistic norm" and "literary norm" are often combined, especially when applied to the modern Russian language, although historically this is not the same thing.

The language norm is formed in the actual practice of verbal communication, is worked out and fixed in public use as a usage (Latin usus - use, use, habit); the literary norm is undoubtedly based on the usage, but it is also specially guarded, codified, i.e. legitimized by special regulations dictionaries, codes of practice, textbooks. [Lapteva 1983: p. 187]

Graudina L.K. Shiryaev E.N. distinguish in their book "The Culture of Russian Speech" several types of language norms: orthoepic (pronunciation), spelling (spelling), word-formation (the use of derivative words established in the literary language, for example, nose-nose-"nose"), lexical (rules for the use of words in speech, for example, "biography of life"), morphological (grammatical forms of words, for example, delicious salami), syntactic (use of participial and participial phrases, prepositions, etc., for example, "to come from school"), punctuation, intonation [ Graudina , Shiryaev 1999: p. 25-46].

The literary norm is the rules of pronunciation, word usage, use of grammatical and stylistic language means adopted in social and linguistic practice. The norm is historically mobile, but at the same time stable and traditional, it has such qualities as familiarity and universal validity. Peshkovsky A.M. by no means what will be" [Peshkovsky 1959: pp. 54-55].

The main reason for changing the norms is the evolution of the language itself, the presence of variance, which ensures the choice of the most appropriate options for linguistic expression. The meaning of expediency, convenience is more and more noticeably included in the concept of exemplary, standard of normative language means.

The norm has a certain set of features that must be present in it in their entirety. Gorbachevich K. S. writes in detail about the signs of the norm in the book "Variantness of the word and the language norm". He identifies three main features: 1) the stability of the norm, conservatism; 2) prevalence of the linguistic phenomenon; 3) the authority of the source. Each of the signs separately can be present in a particular linguistic phenomenon, but this is not enough. In order for a language tool to be recognized as normative, a combination of features is necessary. Thus, for example, errors can be extremely common, and they can persist over a long period of time. [Gorbachevich 2009: p. 94]

The quality (sign) of the stability of the norm manifests itself in different ways at different language levels. Moreover, this sign of the norm is directly related to the systemic nature of the language as a whole, therefore, at each language level, the ratio of "norm and system" manifests itself to a different degree. As for the authoritativeness of the artists of the word, then there are special difficulties in assessing, since the language of fiction, the artistry of which is often achieved precisely as a result of the free use of the language.

Thus, the norm, having the listed features, implements the following criteria for its evaluation: stability, prevalence, authority of the source.

In modern Russian, the norms of written and oral speech are approaching, their active interaction is observed.

The present tense is characterized by a reduction to a unified speech practice. There are serious social reasons for this - the spread of education and the increased role of the media. Against this general background, the process of normalization proceeds.

Linguistic taste is the norms and standards of language behavior, speech culture accepted at a certain stage of development by native speakers. The linguistic taste of the era is largely associated with historical, turning points in the life of the people. The linguistic taste of our time is characterized by the convergence of traditional bookish expressions with everyday colloquial speech, with social and professional dialects, with jargons. "In general, the literary and linguistic norm is becoming less definite and obligatory; the literary standard is becoming less standard" [Kostomarov 1999, p. 5].

Taste in general is the ability to evaluate, the understanding of what is right and beautiful; these are passions and inclinations that determine the culture of a person in thought and work, in behavior, including speech. As Kostomarov V.G. in his work "Linguistic taste of the era": "Taste can be understood as a system of ideological, psychological, aesthetic and other attitudes of a person or social group in relation to language and speech in this language." These attitudes determine a person's attitude to language, the ability to intuitively evaluate the correctness, relevance, aesthetics of speech expression.

Taste is a complex alloy of social requirements and assessments, as well as the individuality of a native speaker, his artistic inclinations, upbringing, and education. However, this individuality is formed in the course of assimilation of social knowledge, norms, rules, traditions. Therefore, taste always has a concrete-social and concrete-historical basis. Manifesting itself individually, taste reflects the dynamics of social consciousness and unites the members of a given society at a given stage of its history.

The most important condition for taste is a sense of language, which is the result of speech and social experience, the assimilation of knowledge of the language and knowledge about the language, the unconscious assessment of its tendencies, the path of progress. The very sense of language is a system of unconscious assessments that reflects the systemic nature of language in speech and social linguistic ideals. A sense of language forms the basis for a global assessment, acceptance or non-acceptance of certain development trends, vocabulary, for assessing the appropriateness of stylistic varieties under the prevailing conditions. In this sense, it is very dependent on the systemic and normative features of the language: its origin, history and ideals of progress, acceptable and desirable sources of enrichment, the originality of its structure and composition.

Changing ideas about the correct and effective use of the language can be denoted by the word fashion. In other words, fashion is a manifestation of taste, more individual, quickly transient, conspicuous and usually irritating to the older and conservative part of society.

The cultural and speech taste, its changes are influenced by the objective social functions of the language in a given era.

A culture of speech- the area of spiritual culture associated with the use of language; speech qualities that ensure the effective achievement of the goal of communication while observing the language rules, ethical standards, situational requirements and aesthetic attitudes.

The culture of speech consists of three aspects

1) Regulatory aspect. The central concept of CR is the concept norms . This is a set of stable, traditional implementations of the language, selected and fixed as a result of social speech practice. The norm involves not only the choice of one or more (less often) of the coexisting options, but their description, as well as fixing in the relevant publications, i.e. codifications.

2) Communicative aspect. CR is intuitive, it takes into account not only linguistic, but also extra-linguistic elements. Historically, this has been the domain of rhetoric. Successful communication is said when the exchange of intellectual and emotional information allows you to maintain interpersonal and social relations in the chosen direction. Communication consists of communicative acts in which communicants (addresser and addressee) participate. Communicative acts are of two types: 1) straight(directly convey the goal); 2) indirect(veiled).

Situations in which indirect speech tactics are used:

2) the desire to reduce the responsibility for the statement

3) the desire to have a more effective impact on the addressee

4) the desire to retouch reality (to find something good in the bad)

5) when setting reprehensible communication goals (to make someone doubt someone)

Communicative qualities of speech:

1. right- compliance of speech with language norms (the smartest student - morphological pleonasm)

2. consistency- compliance of speech with the law of non-contradictory thinking. The speech will be illogical if the combined words contradict each other (thanks to the earthquake, the city is destroyed); words that are incompatible in meaning are combined (he has a property in France, a young wife and two higher education); extra words are used (write your autobiography); or a necessary word is missing or omitted (he almost scores in every match); official and introductory words are used incorrectly.

3. accuracy- correspondence of speech to the chosen fragment of reality or concept system. Conditions for accurate speech: knowledge of the subject of speech; the ability to choose language means that are adequate to the subject of speech; use of language means according to their meaning (we experience littoria over the past)

4. purity- the absence in speech of unmotivated elements of extra-literary varieties of the language.

5. expressiveness of speech- such features of speech that maintain the attention and interest of the listener.

6. relevance- correspondence of the speech to the situation of communication, the theme and nature of interpersonal relations.

7. wealth = variety- the absence in speech of identical chains of repetitive linguistic signs.

8. efficiency- achievement of the communicative goal set during communication. This is a generalizing communicative quality, which implies the implementation of all other qualities, depending on the situation of communication.

9. language taste - the idea of ideal text models and ideal speech production in general, which took shape in the process of social and speech activity.

10. language (speech) fashion - the manner of expression adopted in a particular community and relevant for a short time.

3) Ethical aspect of CR- is associated with the communicative and suggests the construction of the text in accordance with the norms of moral behavior adopted by this society.

Russian language. Tickets-winter 2015.

Ticket 1. Modern Russian. Stratification of the Russian national language. Literary language as the highest form of the national language. Language situation and language policy.

Modern Russian- the national language of the Russian people, a form of Russian national culture. It is a historically established linguistic community and unites the entire set of linguistic means of the Russian people, including all Russian dialects and dialects, as well as various jargons.

There is a dual understanding of the term "modern Russian language" and its understanding corresponding to such an understanding. First of all, the modern Russian language is the language that is reflected in the texts created by the speakers of the Russian literary language.

language from the era of Pushkin (approximately from the 30s of the XIX century) to the present day, and existing in modern oral speech communication at the level of native speakers of the literary language, i.e. in oral public speech, in the language of radio, cinema, television speech and colloquial literary speech. Such an understanding of the “modern Russian language”, despite the clarifications of its chronological boundaries that have appeared, remains valid. It was in the language of Pushkin, in the 20-30s. XIX century, there was that backbone of the literary language, that national norm of literary expression, which serve as the basis for the further development of both the literary dictionary, and grammar, and the phonetic system, and orthoepy, and the system of functional varieties

literary language up to the present.

* In the narrow - the Russian language of the post-revolutionary (1917) time.

Some researchers talk about 3 periods in the development of the Russian language after the October Revolution: 1st - 20s, 2nd - 30-40s, 3rd - from the beginning of the 50s to the present. In this case, the most narrow interpretation of the concept of modern Russian is possible - this is the language from the post-war (Great Patriotic War) years to the present, that is, the language of three coexisting and interacting generations - grandfathers, fathers and children

Stratification of the national Russian language:

1) literary language

2) non-literary varieties (strata):

Territorial dialect

Semi-dialect*

Urban vernacular

Social dialect (jargons, slang)

Literary Russian language- a normalized form of the national language, excluding dialects, jargons, and vernacular. It is the language of all manifestations of culture expressed in writing. This is the highest form of manifestation of the national language, the language of the press, literature, state documents. This is a historically established system of languages of elements, speech means that have undergone a long cultural processing in the texts of authoritative masters of the word, in the oral communication of educated native speakers.

Functional purpose of the literary language: ensuring speech communication in the main areas of activity of the entire historically established team of people who speak this language; ensuring cultural and spiritual continuity of generations, people, nation.

The main features of the literary language: normativity, codification (fixing forms and rules in grammars, dictionaries, reference books), multifunctionality, stylistic differentiation, relative stability, common use and obligatory nature, traditional character and written fixation in texts.

Modern Russian literary language multifunctional, i.e., it performs the functions of the everyday language of literate people, the language of science, journalism, public administration, the language of culture, literature, education, the media, etc.

The originality of the Russian literary language lies in its replenishment and renewal at the expense of colloquial speech.

Literary language has two forms: oral and written, which are characterized by features of the lexical composition and grammatical structure. Written literary language is distinguished by a greater complexity of syntax, has various functional styles: scientific, official business, journalistic, artistic.

The development of the literary language is directly related to the development of the culture of the people, especially their fiction.

The literary language is characterized normalization- the subordination of the language to certain norms and rules. Its result is the normalization of the language. The standardization of the literary language lies in the fact that the composition of the dictionary is regulated in it, the meaning and use of words, pronunciation, spelling and the formation of grammatical forms of words obey the generally accepted pattern. The basic norms of the literary language were formed during the time of Pushkin. A. S. Pushkin streamlined the artistic means of the Russian literary language, significantly enriched it. Based on various manifestations of the folk language, he managed to create in his works a language that was perceived by society as a literary one.

Speech situation. Language is a powerful means of regulating people's activities in various fields, therefore, studying the speech behavior of a modern person, understanding how a person owns the richness of the language, how affectively he uses it, is a very important and urgent task.

Every educated person must learn to evaluate speech behavior - his own and those of his interlocutors, to correlate his speech actions with a specific situation of communication.

Today, the speech of our contemporaries attracts more and more attention of journalists, scientists of various specialties (linguists, philosophers, psychologists, sociologists), writers, teachers, it becomes the subject of heated discussions among ordinary Russian speakers. Feeling speech problems, they try to answer the question of what is the reason for the disturbing state of speech culture. The age-old Russian questions “what to do?” and "who is to blame?" quite natural in relation to the Russian language and Russian speech.

In the in-depth study "The Russian Language of the End of the 20th Century (1985-1995)", an attempt was made to highlight the most significant features of the Russian language of the end of the century. It notes: “The events of the second half of the 80s - early 90s are similar to the revolution in their impact on society and language. The state of the Russian language of our time is determined by a number of factors.

1. The composition of participants in mass and collective communication is expanding dramatically: new strata of the population are joining the role of speakers, the role of writers for newspapers and magazines. Since the late 80s, thousands of people with different levels of speech culture have received the opportunity to speak publicly.

2. In the media, censorship and auto-censorship, which previously largely determined the nature of speech behavior, are sharply weakened.

3. The personal beginning in speech increases. Faceless and unaddressed speech is replaced by personal speech, it acquires a specific addressee. Biological communication, both oral and written, is increasing.

4. The sphere of spontaneous communication is expanding, not only personal, but also oral public. People no longer give or read pre-written speeches. They say.

5. Important parameters of the flow of oral forms of mass communication are changing: the possibility of a direct appeal of the speaker to the listeners and feedback from the listeners to the speakers is created.

6. Situations and genres of communication are changing both in the field of public and in the field of personal communication. Rigid limits of official public communication are weakened. Many new genres of oral public speech are born in the field of mass communication. The dry radio and TV announcer has been replaced by a presenter who reflects, jokes, and expresses his opinion.

7. The psychological rejection of the bureaucratic language of the past (the so-called Newspeak) is growing sharply.

8. There is a desire to develop new means of expression, new forms of imagery, new types of appeals to strangers.

9. Along with the birth of the names of new phenomena, there is a revival of the names of those phenomena that return from the past, forbidden or rejected in the era of totalitarianism ”(Russian language of the end of the 20th century. M., 1996).

The freedom and emancipation of speech behavior entails the loosening of linguistic norms, the growth of linguistic variability (instead of one acceptable form of a linguistic unit, different variants turn out to be acceptable).

Ticket 2. Culture of speech in the normative aspect. Norm: definition, properties, typology, reasons for the change. Codification. Linguistic taste and speech fashion.

The culture of speech implies, first of all, the correctness of speech, that is, the observance of the norms of the literary language, which are perceived by its speakers (speaking and writing) as an “ideal”, a model. The language norm is the central concept of language culture, and the normative aspect of speech culture is considered one of the most important.

The choice of language means necessary for the set goal is the basis of the communicative aspect of speech culture. The ethical aspect of the culture of speech prescribes the knowledge and application of the rules of linguistic behavior in specific situations. Ethical norms of communication are understood as speech etiquette (speech formulas of greeting, request, question, gratitude, congratulations, etc.; appeal to “you” and “you”; choice of full or abbreviated name, address formulas, etc.)

The use of speech etiquette is greatly influenced by: the age of the participants in the speech act, their social status, the nature of the relationship between them (official, unofficial, friendly, intimate), time and place of speech interaction, etc. The ethical component of the rhea culture imposes a ban on foul language in the process of communication, condemns the conversation "in a raised voice."

An important characteristic of a person is the level of his speech culture. The elite type of speech culture, the middle literary type, the literary-colloquial and familiar-colloquial, as well as the slang and colloquial types of speech culture are distinguished. The elite type of speech culture of a person assumes that the carrier of this type of speech culture fulfills all ethical and communication norms, observes the norms of literary speech, owns all the functional styles of the native language associated with the use of both oral and written speech. A person of elite speech culture is characterized by the easy use of the functional style and genre of speech appropriate to the situation and goals of communication, the “non-transfer” of what is typical for oral speech into oral speech. He knows and observes the rhetorical rules of communication, he has a habit of checking himself all the time, replenishing his speech knowledge from authoritative texts and dictionaries, and not by imitating what he heard on radio or television, read in newspapers. The average literary type of speech culture embodies the general culture of a person in its forgiven and far from complete version. The carriers of the average literary speech culture usually own two or three functional styles, usually the style of everyday communication (colloquial speech) and their professional style, these styles are often mixed in their speech. In the field of language use for a speaker of this type of speech culture, self-confidence, expressed in upholding the point of view “the main thing is WHAT to say, and not HOW to say”, a “forgivable” attitude towards one’s own speech mistakes, overestimation of one’s speech knowledge, which manifests itself in the frequent inappropriate use of terms and foreign words, on the one hand, and reduced and abusive vocabulary, on the other, in violation of language norms, and they are not aware of the inferiority of their own speech. Precedent texts for carriers of this type of speech culture are mass media and mass literature. The absence of a large vocabulary in the minds of carriers of the medium literary type of speech culture does not allow them to use the wide synonymous possibilities of the Russian language in their speech, which turns their speech into a rather stamped one, or into a speech with a dominance of book vocabulary, to which the desire to make speech more expressive is reduced. Literary-colloquial and familiar-colloquial types of speech culture differ only in the degree of reduced speech. In the literary and colloquial type, you predominate - communication and household names like Seryozha, in the familiar-colloquial type - you - communication becomes the only possible one, and Seryozhka, Seryoga are preferred in circulation. In both types, there is a huge amount of jargon used in speech, but in f.-r. The proportion of rude words and colloquial elements is increasing. At the same time, in both types there is a large amount of foreign vocabulary and book words, which often become simple fillings of pauses, so that there are also “specifically”, “in short”, “type”, “in kind” and “ pancake”, etc. There is no need to talk about any observance of ethical and communicative norms in these types of speech culture. Slang and colloquial types of speech culture are characterized by non-normativeness, orientation to their communication group, you - communication, vulgarism, use of obscenities.

language fashion. The manner of expression adopted in a particular community and relevant for a short time

linguistic taste. The notion of ideal text models and ideal speech production in general, formed in the process of social and speech activity

Ticket 3. Communicative qualities of speech as a result of the implementation of the normative, communicative and ethical aspects of speech culture.

Communication norms are dictated by expediency. In general, these are the norms for choosing a form (oral or written, dialogue or monologue), a method of speech activity and means of communication (methods of proof, language techniques, etc.). Communicative norms, in contrast to ethical and linguistic ones, are more variable: they are advisory in nature and must correspond to the communicative situation. Let's say parents have to punish a child for bad behavior. In one family, they will take some measures (reading notations, depriving the child of the right to watch TV, walk, play computer games, etc.) together. In another family, only the father will punish the son, and in the third, all family members will boycott the child. As we can see, to implement one communicative strategy as the main line of behavior (in our example, this is the punishment of the offender), different tactics can be used.

The key to the success of any interaction is the consistency of ethical and communicative norms and their observance by all participants in communication. This is confirmed by numerous Russian proverbs and sayings, in which ethical requirements for speech behavior are “embedded”, for example: The enemy agrees, but the friend argues; Slander is like coal: it won’t burn, it will stain; A good word to a man is like rain in a drought; Lies stand on one leg, truth on two; Simply said, but not without reason heard, and many, many others.

Course work

on the course "Russian language and culture of speech"

"About the language norm"

Introduction

1. Orthoepic norms

2. Lexical norms

3. Morphological norms

4. Syntactic norms

5. Stylistic norms

List of used literature

Introduction

The language norm is defined and studied in at least two aspects.

Firstly, the language norm is understood as stable, fixed in the process of communication variants of language units. In this case, the norm determines what is widespread in a given period of development of the national language, describes the options that are often found in speech. With this approach, the language norm reflects the words actually used in the language, their forms and pronunciation features, as well as syntactic constructions (sentences). Thus, the norm understood takes into account the frequency of pronouncing the variant vowel (compared to the bell), the variant ohny (compared to them), but in no way evaluates the correctness or incorrectness of the variants. One can draw an analogy between such an understanding of the language norm and an indicator of the central tendency in statistics. Just as the indicator of the central trend in statistics does not reflect the assessment of the phenomenon, the most common variants of linguistic units detected by the language norm are not evaluated. The main task of the study of the language norm in the linguistic aspect is the selection and description of linguistic phenomena, the "inventory" of the current state of the language.

Secondly, the linguistic norm is considered not only as a linguistic, but also as a socio-historical category. In this case, the norm reflects the social aspect of communication, which is manifested not only in the selection and description of linguistic phenomena, but primarily in the system of their assessments. The variants of language units found in speech are not considered as frequent or rare, but as correct or erroneous, appropriate or inappropriate, beautiful or ugly. We can say that the linguistic norm, understood as a socio-historical category, evaluates the linguistic variants described by the linguistic norm, understood linguistically. The assessment of a linguistic phenomenon includes normative (correct/incorrect), situational (appropriate/inappropriate) and aesthetic (beautiful/ugly) components. The main task of studying the language norm in the social aspect is to establish the rules for the use and evaluation of variants of language units, to identify trends in the development of the norm.

Understanding the language norm as a linguistic and socio-historical category underlies the concept of the literary language norm.

The language norm has two constructive features: the plan of functioning and the plan of codification.

The plan of functioning is the “reality” of the norm, i.e., the presentation by speakers and writers (listeners and readers) of what is right and appropriate in speech, and what is wrong. Such a "reality" of the norm is presented in the minds of people unformulated, as a habit. Functioning norms are embodied in everyday speech and do not exist outside the collective. As an example, let's cite the dialogue of schoolchildren standing in front of a shop window: “You can’t put your bag on the window, you’ll break the glass!” - “We must say not to lie, but to lie!” Both interlocutors use incorrect variants of the verb, however, in the mind of one of them, the variant lie represents a functioning norm, not being a codified norm (the codified norm recommends putting the variant). Functioning norms are formed on the basis of the frequency of the variant in speech experience.

The codification plan is the explanation and description of the norms in the specialized literature. Codification involves the awareness of the norm, fixing it in the codes of rules. Such a set of rules may exist separately from the speakers and rarely appear in everyday speech. For example, the normative variant of pronunciation of provision is very rare even in official speech, being displaced by the non-recommended colloquial variant of provision. The codified norm is established on the basis of an analysis of functioning norms, socio-historical and cultural conditions of communication.

The literary norm is codified.

The norm as a set of stable and unified language means and rules for their use, which are deliberately fixed in dictionaries and textbooks, is a specific feature of the literary language at all stages of its development. The norm of the literary language is developed by specialists on the basis of the analysis of oral and written speech in various situations of communication. It is described both in scientific and mass publications intended for a wide range of readers of different ages. Possession of the literary norm of the native language is one of the indispensable conditions for education. In dictionary linguistic terms the norm is defined as “the most common of the coexisting ones, entrenched in the practice of exemplary use, language (speech) variants that best perform their function” (Rosenthal, Telenkova 1976: 210).

The literary norm is characterized by a number of features.

The first sign of a literary norm is stability. Stability implies: historical stability and tradition; relative territorial uniformity; limiting fluctuations and options. The stability of the literary norm ensures the accessibility and comprehensibility of texts in the literary language to all who use this national language, regardless of age and place of residence. Thanks to the stability of the literary norm, mutual understanding of people belonging to different generations and social groups is possible.

The measure of the stability of a literary norm is largely determined by the cultural and historical situation in which a given literary language functions. In particular, the current Russian cultural and historical situation determines the mobility of the norms of the modern Russian literary language.

The second sign of the literary norm is variability. Variability provides the possibility of using the literary language in various situations of communication. Firstly, the variability of the norm is manifested in the functional styles of the literary language: statements that convey similar and even the same content may belong to different styles. Secondly, the variability of the norm is manifested in the difference between the written and oral forms of the literary language. Thirdly, territorial variability of the norm is also possible: in Russian literary speech, Moscow and St. Petersburg pronunciation norms are determined.

The third sign can be considered the changeability of the literary norm. Change is expressed in the gradual displacement of the old norm by the new one. When the old norm is gradually replaced by a new one, two normative options coexist for some time, one of which is preferable (an example is given in Section 2.1.). Change of norms is caused by social and cultural processes.

Literary norms regulate the use of language means in communication in different ways.

A dispositive, relatively soft, norm offers a choice of several options that differ in the degree of preference; dispositive norm recommends, but does not dictate.

The imperative, more rigid norm, offers one correct variant, established by language researchers based on the analysis of the language system, frequency of use and distribution of variants in various communication situations. Violation of the imperative norm leads to errors.

1. Orthoepic norms

The norms of pronunciation of words and the intonation of the phrase are determined by

orthoepy (from Greek Orthos - correct, epos - speech). Quite often, the same word has several variants. Orthoepic variants, i.e. Valid pronunciations of a word usually belong to different areas of use:

1- national and professional. For example, the word mining is pronounced with an accent on the second syllable, however, in the professional speech of miners and geologists, its pronunciation is also acceptable with an emphasis on the first syllable: mining;

2- high style and colloquial speech. For example, high style is characterized by okanie (pronunciation of unstressed O) in borrowed words: poetic, nocture;

3- in the speech of the older generation and in the speech of young native speakers. The new pronunciation gradually replaces the old one, but at a certain stage in the development of the literary language, both norms coexist, for example: the outgoing norm insisted on softening the consonant before the soft consonant ([z'v']er, e[s'l']i), the new norm allows pronunciation of a solid consonant in these conditions ([sv '] er, e [sl '] and).

Basic orthoepic norms in the field of vowels

In the modern Russian literary language, moderate kanye is considered correct, i.e. indistinguishability between A and O in unstressed positions: for example, in the word milk, the vowel A is pronounced twice and only in the last stressed syllable is the vowel O; vowels in the pre-stressed position in the words milk (in place of spelling O) and ram (in place of spelling A) are pronounced the same.

In the modern Russian literary language, kanye dominates, i.e. the coincidence in the first pre-stressed syllable after the soft consonants of all vowels, except U, in the sound I: we pronounce the river as [r'ika], we pronounce the penny as [p'itak], we pronounce the saw as [p "ilá].

Words that do not have an independent stress, which in oral speech are adjacent to the previous or subsequent word, do not obey the norms of vowel reduction. In other words, in such words there is no akanye and hiccups. Let's give examples. The phrase those forests should be pronounced as [t'e-l'isá], although the word telesa is pronounced [t'il'isá]; the phrase loved he should be pronounced as [l'ub'il-on].

The pronunciation of complex and compound words, as well as words with some prefixes, does not obey the reduction norms. Here are some examples: the compound word dr[e] outside Russian, the compound abbreviated word str[o] yotryad, the word with the prefix s[o] chairman.

Basic orthoepic norms in the field of consonants

The long soft consonant Щ in the Russian literary language is pronounced at the place of the accumulation of consonants sch, zch, shch, zhch within one word: [sh ':] astie, ra [sh ':] estka, translation [sh ':] ik, spring [ w':]aty.

On the border of the prefix and the root, both local and local [sh’h’] are possible.

At the junction of a preposition and a significant word or two significant words, pronouncing Щ is not recommended, for example: iemodana, but not i[w':] emodana; the weight of the suitcase, but not the weight of the suitcase.

The long soft consonant Zh in the modern Russian literary language, in accordance with the spelling zhzh, zzh, szh, zhd, is pronounced only at the root of the words yeast, splashes, squeals, rattles, smashes, grumbles, reins, rides, burns, later, breezes, burnt, vzvomozzhu , buzz, rain, rain. The words are arranged in descending order of their use of a long soft J.

In place of the spelling h before n, it is pronounced:

only H in the words: eternity, exact, excellent student, stove-maker;

only Ш in the words: mustard, loser, of course, eyeglass case, laundry, trifling, birdhouse, boring, scrambled eggs and in female patronymics on -ichna;

both H and W are acceptable in the words: bakery, shopkeeper, candlestick, decent, creamy, dog lover, switchman;

varies the pronunciation of the word in different combinations with other words: heart attack - heart [sh] friend; hat [h ’] workshop - hat [w] acquaintance; lactic [h ’] acid - milk [w] ny / milk [h ’] porridge.

In place of a doubled consonant between vowels, a long consonant is pronounced in a position after the stressed vowel, in other positions the longitude is usually lost: gr [ýpp] a - but gr [p] ovóy, cl [ác:] s - but cla [s '] iffication, column [on:] a - but column [n] áda, s [ým:] a - but su [m'ú] troubling, tr[á: s] a - but treasury [s'ú] d[án :]th - but rear[n]th, stack[l'án:]th - but scattering[n]áya.

At the junction of the prefix and the root, the longitude of the consonant is preserved regardless of the place of stress in the word: carefree, recreate, pickle, repel, support, give in.

Basic orthoepic norms of borrowed words

In some borrowed words and proper names, the pronunciation of unstressed O is allowed: adazhi[o], b[o]a, b[o]lero, d[o]ce, kaka[o], cred[o], radio[o], r[o]k[o]ko, s[o]ffeji[o], three[o], f[o]ye, F[o]ber, Sh[o]pen, B[o]rne[o] .

In relatively uncommon book words, the vowel E is pronounced at the beginning and after a solid consonant: [e] wreath, [e] kipirovka, [e] kskavator, [e] extract, [e] mbrion, ast [e] roid, bizn [e] change, cord [e] ballet, tend [e] r, andant [e].

In foreign words, fully mastered by the Russian language, at the beginning of the word, in place of the spelling e, it is possible to pronounce I: economy, emigrant, floor.

In borrowed words, before the spelling e ([e]), only solid consonants are pronounced in the words: antenna, business, steak, delta, cabaret, cafe, scarf, codex, cocktail, model, hotel, parterre, pastel, poetess, mashed potatoes, requiem, tarantella, dash, tunnel, brown hair, masterpiece, highway, eczema, aesthetics, etc.

In a number of words, the pronunciation of both hard and soft consonants is acceptable: deduction, dean, congress, credo, terrorist, etc.

Finally, in some words only a soft consonant is pronounced: beige, brunette, museum, pioneer, rail, term, plywood, overcoat.

Basic orthoepic norms in the area of stress

Equal rights are the stress options in the words: barge and barge, sectors and industries, flooded and flooded, spinning and spinning, otherwise and otherwise, notch and notch, frostbite and frostbite, denim and denim, peppered and peppery, aerated and aerated, rust and rust .

Stress options in a word are more preferred and less preferred: amphora / amphora, harrow / harrow, deep / deep load / load, snowy / snowy, excel / excel, torn / torn, teenage / teenage, walls / walls, shevelut / chevé litas, weaving / weaving.

Finally, one variant of stress in a word is assessed as correct, literary, and the rest as erroneous. Here are the correct stress options: pamper, ballet, b[l'ý] yes, in se[m'yý], include, smooth, citizenship, contract, leisure, waited, bent, conclude, clog, call, catalog, quarter, more beautiful , kitchen, forester, shop, massage, youth, garbage chute, start, nails, provision, wholesale, repeat, understood, funeral, reward, sentence, wool, shells, beets, employees, customs, cakes, petition, spr Utsy, expert, language.

2. Lexical norms

Lexical norms define the rules for using words depending on their meaning, frequency and context of use.

3. Morphological norms

Morphological norms determine the correct options for the formation of word forms when it changes (declension or conjugation), as well as the rules for using different forms in a statement. The source of information about morphological and - more broadly - grammatical norms are textbooks on the culture of speech and special dictionaries.

4. Syntactic norms

Syntactic norms define the rules for combining words and their forms in a construction and the use of phrases in a statement. Syntactic norms limit the order of words, establish the features of the use of participial and adverbial phrases, stipulate the laws of combining simple sentences into compound and complex ones. The source of information about syntactic norms are manuals on grammar, culture of speech and special dictionaries.

5. Stylistic norms

As far as Table 1 allows us to judge, the selected functional styles have both general and specific features. The differences are due to mismatched areas of distribution of style. Styles are called functional because they function in different areas. public life. These spheres intersect and interact. For example, in the media, it is possible to discuss a scientific article, a legislative act, and a religious sermon. Naturally, in each case, in addition to the characteristic features of the journalistic style, features of other functional styles will appear.

Stylistic norms involve limiting the use of language means that are not characteristic of a given style, if such use is not justified by the genre or situation of communication. For example, the use of dry impersonal clichés of an official business style in journalism is, of course, a mistake: “According to the Novy Kompanion business weekly, the governor also said that today there are a number of investment projects in the economy of the Kama region with a total volume of at least 12 billion rubles. ". In the cited quotation from the note “It is better to unite at the expense of the Federation”, published on the second page of the twenty-seventh issue of the Perm weekly “Friday” (November 14, 2003), a cliché is used there are a number of investment projects in the economy, which in this context is inappropriate and, moreover, it is erroneous: different forms of grammatical management of projects → (what?) and investments → (in what?) collide.

Table 1

Specific Features of the Functional Styles of the Book Variety of the Literary Language

Functional literary language style	Scope of use (and main speech genres)	Semantic features	Vocabulary Features	Features of grammar and syntax
Scientific	Science (article, monograph, dissertation, textbook, review, abstract review, etc.)	Abstraction, logicality, striving for unambiguity and accuracy of formulations	Bookishness, stylistic neutrality, abstractness, abundance of terms	Complex sentences with branched syntactic links
Official business	Official business relations between people and institutions, the field of law and legislation (law, resolution, contract, instruction, statement, protocol, etc.)	Accuracy of wording, impersonality, standardization	The abundance of stable phrases and clichés, the abundance of verbal nouns.	Impersonal and indefinitely personal constructions, constructions with enumerations
Publicistic	Mass media (information, reportage, commentary, interview, etc.)	Thematic diversity, motivation and informativeness, expressiveness, appraisal	Expressiveness, abundance of phraseological units and figurative means, abbreviations, use of terms from other styles and varieties of language	Variety of constructions, striving for simplicity and ease of understanding of syntactic constructions, use of direct speech
Religious preaching	Religion (teaching, prayer, parable, confession, sermon, etc.)	Motivation, "elevation" of topics	The abundance of archaisms and expressions of high style, expressiveness, the abundance of biblical and book phraseological units	The use of incentive structures stringing of similar constructions (“the greatest signs, the most amazing miracles”), postposition of definitions (“the human race”), frequency of second person pronouns