home > Tachograph > How to navigate in the forest: ways to determine the cardinal directions without a compass. Orientation on the terrain without a map and compass Ways to navigate using maps

How to navigate in the forest: ways to determine the cardinal directions without a compass. Orientation on the terrain without a map and compass Ways to navigate using maps

Despite the widespread use of all kinds of GPS navigators in recent years, old, reliable, time-tested methods of orienteering should always be in the arsenal of any self-respecting tourist.

For orientation on the terrain you need to correctly determine your location relative to the sides of the horizon and particularly prominent objects (landmarks) and accurately maintain the chosen direction of movement towards a given object.

Orientation in space

By map;
By compass
According to folk signs

Orientation on the map

The map will be a faithful assistant only the tourist who knows how to “read” it, that is, knows all the symbols for various objects and landmarks, understands scaling, and knows how to determine the cardinal directions from it (usually north is always on top, south is below, east is on the right, west is on the left). Naturally, you need to take care of this before you get into an unfamiliar area with the map. To navigate on a map, you need to “link” the objects depicted on it to real objects on the ground.

The best way to do this is to find one of the fairly extended landmarks on the ground (a road, a clearing in the forest, a river bank, a power line, etc.), go to it, find it on the map, and by rotating the map relative to the cardinal points, make sure the direction matches real landmark with the one shown on the map. In this case, smaller objects: hills, ravines, groves, isolated trees or buildings located on the ground to the right or left of the selected main landmark should be there on the map. Then, based on the relative position of nearby landmarks and the eye-determined, or measured by steps, distance between them, you can determine your location on the map. After which you can begin to plot the route to the selected point of movement and determine its length, necessary turns and main landmarks.

Makes it much easier to navigate the terrain presence of a compass, which allows you to immediately determine the sides of the horizon and not deviate from the direction of the chosen route while driving. A compass is especially indispensable in conditions where there are few noticeable landmarks, for example, in the desert, tundra, dense forest, or in conditions of poor visibility.

You just need to take into account that the compass will not give accurate readings near power lines, iron objects, some electronic devices, in places of ore anomalies. In these cases, compass readings should be supplemented, if possible, with local orientation data.

Orientation by compass

To do this, you need to place it horizontally and wait until the needle stops oscillating, after which it will point north. If you have a card, it must be positioned with the upper side of the frame in the direction of the north so that the vertical line of the coordinate grid coincides with the axis of the compass needle.

After this it is carried out standard location on the map and a route for further movement is laid out in azimuth (the angle between the indication of the compass needle and the direction of movement we need).

Orientation based on local characteristics and folk signs

In the absence of a compass, the direction of the sides of the horizon will help determine a large number, namely:

According to the Sun, Moon And to the stars(for example, the North Star always points to the north and in cloudless weather at night it completely replaces a compass);
By plants(for example, mosses and lichens develop on the damper northern sides of trees, stumps, boulders; grass grows better from the south of separate objects, and from the north stays fresh longer in hot weather; clearings in the forest are always cut strictly from north to south and from west to east);
By animals(for example, steppe bees always nest on the south side of walls or large stones, anthills are located to the south of the nearest stumps, trees and bushes, and the southern side of anthills is always flatter);
By relief, soil moisture, snow melting;
By buildings(for example, the altars of Orthodox churches always face east, and the upward edge of the lower crossbar of crosses on domes always points to the north; on old buildings on the north side there are often overgrowths of moss and lichens on the walls or roof, the soil near them is damper or there is snow does not melt longer).

From the video, you will learn how to apply orienteering signs in practice. Particular attention should be paid to orientation by the clock.

In conclusion, it can be noted that over the many centuries of its existence, humanity has developed many methods of orientation on the ground, as the primary condition for human survival in unfamiliar or sparsely populated areas.

And provided that a person is previously acquainted with this science, there is every chance, subject to composure and sober reason, to get out of any situation with honor. extreme situation associated with loss of orientation in space in an unfamiliar and uninhabited area.

Any experienced tourist probably has his own methods of navigating the terrain, developed through personal hiking practice. I think everyone will be interested in learning about such exclusive methods from site readers who have experience hiking and traveling through the vast expanses of our beautiful planet!

Location orientation consists in determining the cardinal directions, one’s own position relative to the surrounding area and the direction of further movement. We can say that orientation allows you to track the accuracy of a previously laid route.

During a hike, especially if the path runs through unfamiliar terrain, it is important to be able to navigate in order to follow the laid out route and not get lost. The most popular among tourists and military personnel, quite deservedly, is orientation on the map. A map is generally a very useful thing on a hike, because with its help you can quickly find your bearings and identify deviations from the route. Of course, it is advisable to use a compass. However, if you don’t have it, you can do without it. Let's consider how to navigate the map correctly.

Types of orientation on the map

Map orientation can be general or detailed character.

General orientation consists in approximately determining your location, movement vector and time to cover the route. As a rule, it is used when the route has already been laid out in advance. To control compliance with the path, for example, in trekking.

Detailed orientation- this is an accurate determination of your location and direction of movement on the map. Plays an important role when crossing places where deviation from a given route can be dangerous. For example, during mountain crossings or in a critical situation.

When orienting on the ground, it is important to be able to quickly and accurately determine the cardinal directions, measure distances to landmarks and direction angles on the map and on the ground, and draw up a movement pattern in azimuths.

Types of landmarks

Landmarks necessary to determine the location relative to them and adjust the route. They are objects or relief forms that are easily distinguishable by their shape or color. There are area, linear and point:

Area landmarks. They are characterized mainly by the fact that they occupy a significant area. This includes settlements, reservoirs, swamps, forests, etc. They are easy to identify and remember even at the stage of preparing for a hike and drawing up a route.
Linear landmarks. These are structures and relief forms that are distinguished by their length and relatively small width. This includes: roads, canals and rivers, pipelines, power lines (power lines), ravines, canyons, etc. Well suited for monitoring compliance with a given direction when moving.
Point landmarks. They are distinguished by their small area, but are marked on maps: buildings, towers, intersections, mountain peaks and factory chimneys and other objects. Used to determine your own location. They allow you to accurately indicate the destination or a specific place, square.

Ways to orientate a map

Essentially, the process of navigating the terrain using a map consists of two stages. First - orientation of the map itself relative to the cardinal directions, the second - determining your own location. Let's look at the first stage.

Any map, in addition to displaying the relief and legend, has cardinal directions. As a rule, north is placed at the top of the map, south at the bottom, respectively, west will be on the left and east on the right, but other variations are possible. Map orientation lies in its placement in such a way that the designations of the cardinal directions on it would coincide with the real directions. There are several ways to navigate.

Orienting the map using a compass

The easiest way, since you don’t need to look for any landmarks to use it. In this connection, it is carried out in a closed area, poor in landmarks. To orient the map, place it on one of its vertical lines. For example, to the lines of the kilometer grid, or to the frame, a compass so that the direction of the compass arrow coincides with the cardinal directions on the map. Usually in such cases the north end of the compass needle coincides with the top edge of the map. At the same time, there are some subtleties that depend on which part of the map you apply the compass to.

So, if the device was attached to a kilometer grid, after placing it, the map, as already mentioned, should be rotated in a horizontal plane so that the top of the map frame coincides with the north direction of the compass. In this case, the magnetic needle of the device will deviate from the north mark by the amount of the correction. The correction in this case will be the sum of the angle of convergence of the meridians and the angle of magnetic declination.

If the compass is placed relative to the map frame, or the true meridian, then the correction in this case will simply be magnetic declination angle.

In the case when the correction is positive, the compass needle is located to the right of the north mark, and if it is negative, then to the left.

Orienting the map along terrain lines

To do this, it is necessary that linear objects be within sight. For example, railways, power lines, etc. The map should be rotated so that the image of this linear object coincides with its real direction. All objects that are located to the left and right of this object must coincide with their images on the map.

Orienting the map by directions to a landmark

Used if you do not have a compass at hand and there are no linear objects nearby. For orientation, it is necessary that the place where the observer is located be determined on the map, and from this place some landmark, also displayed on the map, should be visible. This way, you can draw a mental segment and also mentally put it on the map. If your imagination fails, you can use a ruler.

Finding your location

Your location The easiest way to determine this is if you are at some noticeable landmark displayed on the map. For example, a bridge, structure, rock, etc. The place where this landmark is located will be the desired point on the map. If this is not possible, then you can estimate your location using nearby landmarks by eye. Or by measuring the distance traveled, by notching on a local object, or by back notching. There are other ways.

Serif on a local subject

Measuring distances

By nearby landmarks

Back serif

How to identify a landmark and compare it with a map?

Compare the area with the map- this means recognizing the surrounding terrain in the images represented by the map. The relief has great importance while passing the route. This is especially true for hiking in dangerous terrain - swamps or mountains. Without seeing the dangerous area, you risk leaving the safe route and, for example, getting stuck in a swamp or falling into an abyss. To identify an observed object on a map, it is necessary to at least approximately calculate the distance to it and the azimuth from the north or another known and specific direction. Then, draw this distance on the map, to scale, adjusted for the established deviation. After this, as a rule, the object is already identified visually.

If, on the contrary, you need to find an object on the ground indicated on the map, then you should perform the following sequence of actions:

Orient the map;
Determine your own location;
Calculate the distance to the desired object from the map;
Determine the directional angle and azimuth of the desired object and perform a visual search on the ground in the desired direction.

Note that when comparing a map with the terrain, you should not only identify the observed objects on it, but also study the features of the relief. Since its shape greatly influences the passage of the route, during the construction of which errors could have been made. As they say: “It was smooth on paper, but they forgot about the ravines - how to walk along them?” In this case, you will have to rebuild the route on the spot, using updated data.

What to do if the direction is lost and there is no landmark?

It also happens that exact landmarks cannot be found, in which case there may be several location options. If you have lost your direction, then you need to return to the place where your location was precisely determined. Then you should pull yourself together and start moving in the right direction again, but at the same time check the map more often. This option is the simplest from a technical standpoint. Also, you can identify large objects, for example, rivers, ridges, forests, etc. and go in azimuth to any of the specified places. After this, you need to get your bearings, identify the deviation and the distance traveled in order to return to the route. It makes sense to climb onto a hill in order to better inspect everything and reconnoiter the situation.

Routes can run through places where there are no landmarks at all. In this case, it is important to be able to anticipate such segments and determine them in advance, even at the planning stage of the trip, so that you can overcome them without problems.

Everyone should be able to navigate the terrain using special means or folk signs. This will help in a critical situation to find the only correct way out. Therefore, next we will consider 10 ways to navigate the terrain.

Navigator by methods

1. Method. Orientation on the map

A map is one of the best ways to navigate the area. Therefore, it is recommended that you take a map before your hike and study it in detail. You need to be able to read all the symbols, so it is recommended that you familiarize yourself with the map in advance so that no problems arise in the future.

In order to navigate the map, it is recommended to compare it with real objects. So you need to find one object on the map in real life. This will be the starting point, which will allow you to find the right path. Of course, the best solution would be to have a map and compass with you.

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2. Method. Orientation by compass

The 4 main methods of orientation include determining the terrain using a compass. In order to obtain accurate data, the compass must be placed on a flat horizontal surface. There should be no difficulty in determining the cardinal directions. Having a compass will allow you to determine the exact location on the map.

3. Method. Orientation by the Sun

This way you can easily determine the cardinal directions using the positions of the planets. So there is a special table that will allow you to calculate your location based on the position of the Sun at different times of the year.

You can also use a mechanical watch. In this case, the weather should be cloudless. The watch must be placed on a horizontal surface so that the main hand points towards the Sun. Next, the angle between the two arrows needs to be divided in half and a line drawn that will point south.

4. Method. Orientation by the North Star

This method is only suitable for night time and cloudless weather. If you can see the North Star, then you can try to determine the cardinal directions by it. You need to know that the North Star is in the north, so it is recommended to face it to determine the direction. Polaris is part of the constellation Ursa Major.

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5. Method. Moon orientation

It happens that nothing else is visible in the sky except the Moon, then you can use its position to determine the cardinal directions. You need to know that at different times and phases the Month has different positions. If you have special knowledge, then you can approximately find the right path. These were the main ways to navigate the area.

6. Method. Plant orientation

You can easily determine the cardinal directions in the forest if you navigate by the plants. So there are certain plants that like to grow in damp places, so they choose the northern part of the tree, such as lichen and moss. At the same time, grass likes to grow on the south side of a particular object. Clearings are always cut in the forest from north to south. On the south side, berries and fruits ripen faster.

7. Method. Animal orientation

Insects also allow you to determine the desired direction of the world. So you need to observe where the anthill is. If you find a stump, the anthill from it will be on the south side. We also pay attention to the shape of the anthill. If one of the sides is flatter, then it is the southern one. Steppe bees also choose the south side for their hives.

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8. Method. Terrain orientation

We need to assess the area; if it is winter, then we pay attention to the snow. On the south side the snow melts faster. Moss also grows on the walls of old houses, of course, on the north side.

Did you do your homework?

9. Method. Orientation by radio signals

Of course, first of all you need to have a radio receiver for orientation in space. To do this, you need to record the signals of the most powerful radio stations using the compass azimuth. In this case, it is better that the direction of the signal coincides with one of the cardinal directions. Next, if you lose your orientation, you need to install the receiver in the direction of the worst sound, which will point to the desired side of the world, which was previously recorded by the compass.

10. Method. Orientation by structures

In addition, you can pay attention to various structures. Thus, the altars of Orthodox churches always face east. Bell towers have always been built on the western part. You can also look at the cross. The lower oblique crossbar points to the south and north. These are the lower and upper ends, respectively. The doors of Muslim mosques and Jewish synagogues face north. The facades of Buddhist monasteries face south. These are the most popular methods of orientation and determining the direction of movement.

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Knowing several ways to avoid getting lost in unfamiliar terrain can save not only your own life. Orientation – the ability to determine one’s location in relation to the sides of the horizon (east/west and south/north), the ability to navigate in relation to surrounding objects and determine the direction of further travel, adhering to the intended path.

When planning a trip, it is advisable to have with you a device for indicating the cardinal directions (compass) and a topographic map of the area where the trip is planned. They will be the best guides.

On topographic maps, symbols indicate large and small objects. The ability to read topographic maps will help in moving through unknown places.

To begin with, map orientation. The second step is to find out the exact location and find this place on a topographic map. And the third step is to compare what is visible on the map with the surrounding area.

Using the map as a guide, you should place it along the ground line. Turn the map so that the N symbol faces north. Next, you need to check the parallelism of the symbols on the map in the form of solid multi-colored stripes with their originals on the ground.

You can orient the map:

using a compass;
taking into account clearly visible objects;
checking the solid multi-colored stripes depicted on the topographic map with the realities of the area.

Orientation by compass

You can navigate with a compass either by the directions of the measuring grid on the map, or by using the rim frame of the map. Of the three methods, this is the most time-consuming. Used in conditions where there are no visible landmarks in the circle.

Orientation by objects

Terrain orientation in this way is possible in a situation where there is 100% confidence in the location coordinates, and the object marked with a symbol on the topographic map is visible to the naked eye.

Mentally or using a ruler, draw a line between the location and a visible landmark, placing the map in the correct direction.

Orientation along straight lines on the ground

It is easier to orient the map when you are near some straight long objects (iron track, highway, river, river crossing, power transmission systems). In the horizontal plane, the map is rotated so that the image coincides with the object on the ground. Additional landmarks located on the right and left are taken into account, and the exact direction is determined.

It is very easy to determine the location if you are near one of the objects shown on the map. This could be a road intersection, a large tree located separately, or a bridge. Having found the symbol of this object on the map, we get the location of our current location.

In addition, you can determine the location:

approximately - by eye according to nearby landmarks;
measuring the path traveled from the object shown on the topographic map;
serifs on items found on the map.

Orientation by compass

Orientation in the area, the methods of which have been used by people since ancient times, is possible with the help of a compass. Modern GPS navigators have replaced compasses from everyday use. They are, of course, more convenient to use and don’t require much knowledge, but if you find yourself in an unknown area and are deprived of a power source, you can get lost.

Tourist compasses, types:

All compasses operate on the principle of a magnetized needle, which is located on a needle and is free to rotate.

To understand the use of a compass, you need to understand the term azimuth. In geodesy, this is the angle between the pointer in the compass, looking towards the north (when combined with the zero on the indicator) and an imaginary pointer to a distant element of the surrounding area. The unit of measurement for this angle is degrees. The azimuth is determined by the compass - in a clockwise direction.

When working with a compass and map, you should place them in a horizontal projection. The top edge of the map is rotated to (N/N), respectively, at the bottom there will be south (S/S), on the right is east (E/E), and on the left is west (W/W). The map and compass are placed on a hard surface, facing north.

The central part of the compass is placed at the current location. The place where the route lies is selected. Again you need to spin around with the compass and map until the arrow aligns with the north. Now you can start moving, remembering to make sure that the arrow is always directed to the north bulb of the compass.

When setting out on an unknown terrain, in order not to stray from the designated course without a map, having only a compass, you need to find an outstanding relief or large object. It is convenient to use the highway.

It is necessary to take a position at a visible distance from the selected object in a perpendicular direction. Next, turn around to face the selected landmark. Bring the compass into working and horizontal condition.

Rotate the compass until the north arrow coincides with zero on the digital part of the compass. Then draw a line in your imagination from the center of the compass to the selected object. The opposite side on the compass (front sight) will indicate the direction of movement. Next, periodic checking on the road to see if the path has deviated too much from the chosen course.

The way back - a fixed front sight is adjusted on the compass. Then you need to spin again until the north arrow and the number zero coincide. You can continue moving in the direction you are looking.

Orientation by the Sun

Terrain orientation, the methods of which will be useful for preparing for a long journey, must be thoroughly studied in case of failure of all technical devices. Sometimes a working compass is not able to help with exact coordinates. Being within the radius of those places where the directions of magnetic fields are not the same as everywhere else.

The proximity of metal objects also negatively affects the operation of the compass.

1. At dawn at 6 o'clock from the eastern side, the sun rises every day. Leaning towards sunset towards the west, at 18 o'clock it disappears from our sight. At exactly noon and midnight, the main celestial body crosses the north-south direction. Armed with this knowledge, the directions of the cardinal directions will be known four times a day.

2. The oldest device for determining the meridian is the gnomon. Any flat object - a stick - is installed strictly perpendicular to the flat surface of the earth. The shadow cast by the gnomon, or rather its size and location, determines time.

The sun is at its zenith in the afternoon - the shadow from the stick will be the shortest. The shortest length of the shadow segment is found empirically. Observation of the size and movement of the shadow is carried out over several daytime hours. The direction indicated by this shadow is south.

3. Determination of the cardinal directions by the hypotenuse between two identical shadows from the gnomon. In the morning hours, the size of the shadow from the pole is fixed and there is a break until the afternoon, when on the other side the shadow will be exactly the same size.

Then a bisector (a line dividing the angle in half) is drawn between the lines of shadows of the same length, which were observed during the day. Whether it will be north or south depends on the time of year and the latitude of the area in which the person is located.

Orientation by the North Star

When you are in the northern hemisphere at night, you can navigate by the polar star. The easiest way to find it is by focusing on the constellations Ursa Major and Ursa Minor. Each of them consists of seven stars, which are arranged in the shape of a small and large bucket. Each of the buckets has a handle.

The extreme stars of the dipper (Ursa Major) are called Merak and Dubhe. If you draw an imaginary line from Merak through Dubhe and then approximately five more similar segments, it will point to the extreme star Ursa Minor (at the end of the handle of the ladle).

The method of navigating the terrain using the stars or the sun is only suitable in clear weather

This is the polar star. The polar star points due north. In addition, it is one of the few stars that are almost motionless, so you can always navigate by it.

Having determined the north side, you need to face north. South will be behind, east will be to the right, and west will be to the left. If you get lost in the area and find the polar star, you need to act according to plan: search for a large visible landmark, go to this landmark, check the star again, search for a new landmark, and so on.

Moon orientation

Terrain orientation, methods of which include determining the cardinal directions using the Moon, involves establishing the north-south and west-east meridian. At night, with high clouds, it is not always possible to find the North Star. At the same time, the Moon is almost always clearly visible in the starry sky.

If the Moon shines brightly and there is time, then you can use the shadow method, similar to the sun.

The full moon, like the sun, rises in the east. And it goes beyond the horizon - in the west. At midnight it is due south. By 19:00 it moves east. And at seven in the morning it will be in the west, but this is only relevant during the full moon.

There are four lunar stages:

When the Moon is not full, you must first find out which moon is in the sky - waning or new. In your imagination you need to draw a line from the sharp ends of the moon; if you get the letter “P”, then this is a growing moon. If without a line, the moon looks like the letter “C” - this is a waning moon.

Next, in the imagination, the Moon is divided into 12 equal parts. You should count how many parts fit into the illuminated part (directly into the sickle). When the Moon ages, you need to add up the number of visible parts and the time of measurement (meaning hours).

When the Moon is new, the same thing is done, only not by addition, but by subtraction. The number that is obtained as a result of mathematical manipulations corresponds to the time at which the sun is located in the direction of the Moon.

Plant orientation

Mushrooms grow mainly on stumps or under trees. They, like moss and lichens, prefer the northern side. Having seen a large, well-lit clearing with berries, you should pay attention to the side where there are more ripe fruits - that will be south.

By carefully studying the grassy hillocks, you can easily determine north and south. In different months, the appearance of the grass cover is not the same. In spring, the grass on the northern slopes is thickest. In June and July, the grass growing on the south side is denser. Closer to August, the grass turns yellow where the sun shines more.

The northern part of the tree bark is much thicker. Birches and pines have darkening on their trunks on the north side. Trees should only be inspected if they stand alone and are not in the shadow of anything. There are more resin drops on coniferous trees on the south side. A large black stripe on the birch will point north.

Animal orientation

Ants always locate their homes on the southern side of the slopes. The northern part of the anthill is steeper, while the southern part is flatter. Wild bees and wasps always build their hives on the south sides of trees or buildings. By being patient and watching the motionless butterfly, you can find out where north and south are. Butterflies constantly turn the narrow part of their wings towards the sun's rays.

In the early morning, the folded wings of a butterfly will point to the east. At lunchtime, head south. And by dinner, the butterfly's wings will be directed to the west. Migratory birds in the spring they head north. And in the fall, accordingly, they return to the south.

Bird's nests:

Swallows love to nest under eaves. And only on the northern side of the houses will their nests be visible.
The southern side of the trees attracts woodpeckers, owls and eagle owls.
While on the open sea, having heard the noise of birds, you need to look for land with your eyes.

Terrain orientation

The clearly defined terrain, where there are many ravines, ascents and descents, makes it easier to navigate the terrain.

Orientation using a watch

There is a way when using a regular watch you can navigate the area. In an unfamiliar place without any guidebooks, a wrist watch will be absolutely useful. But an electronic watch can also help; you need to imagine a dial and hands on it, and that’s how the watch shows the time.

The hour hand needs to be placed towards the sun, between the conventional line of the sun and the number 13 on the dial, you will get an angle. Divide it in half - this will be the south.

When determining cardinal directions in this way:

This method is used in the time period from six in the morning to six in the evening. We must not forget that some countries have introduced a transition to summer/winter time. Depending on this, the second point of the angle can be a time from 12 to 14.

Orientation by radio signals

Terrain orientation, the methods of which include the use of various equipment, is possible only with the availability of modern technology. One of these methods is to capture signals transmitted by radio points. Using this method requires the presence of a radio receiver and a compass.

It is necessary to take bearings of the strongest signals and remember them using a compass (calculate the azimuth). Ideally, when the signal source is broadcast from one of the cardinal directions.

Subsequently, having lost orientation on the terrain, the radio receiver is installed in the direction of the worst sound, this will indicate the further path line, the one that was previously recorded using a compass.

Orientation by structures

Finding yourself in an unfamiliar locality and unable to communicate with local population, it is not so difficult to determine the cardinal directions and find the desired direction for further movement.

Orthodox churches are built in such a way that the altar faces the east.
The chapels of the Lutheran Church face east.
The bell towers are located on the western side. On crosses, the oblique/transverse crossbar is placed strictly north and south.
In Muslim regions, the main doors of mosques are oriented towards the north.
Jewish synagogues place their doors by analogy with mosques - to the north.
Buddhists build temples with doors facing south. Pagodas, shrines and facades are built on the south side.
Northern peoples build their yurts so that the entrance is on the south side.
In the old days, village and rural houses were equipped in such a way that the windows opened to the south.
The painted walls are cracking and turning yellow on the south side.
In Greek Catholic and Orthodox Christian cemeteries, grave crosses face east.

Old buildings were built according to old canons; new religious buildings may not comply with the rules described above.

The ability not to get lost in an unfamiliar area and to use navigation methods are extremely important in modern conditions, when civilization no longer requires knowledge of how to find a way in an unusual area.

Article format: Mila Friedan