Bogatyrs are their names. The most famous epic heroes of Russia. Nikita Kozhemyaka. serpent fighter
Pupil 4 - B class MBOU Lyceum No. 3 Mityanov Dmitry
Objective- find out who the heroes are and whether there are heroes in modern life.
Methods and techniques:
- Collection of information from books, magazines, online articles, films
- Observation
- Analysis
- Comparison
- Generalization
- Questionnaire
Main results
- The topic of our research is very important for any generation, because we must know our past, the great deeds of our people, our heroes. They are an example of courage and valor, the pride of our land and bring up the Russian spirit in us.
- Modern heroes are not completely like heroes, but they have absorbed part of their strength. They are also strong in spirit, stand guard over peace and life, show the power and strength of our Motherland.
- If you combine the qualities of athletes, military leaders and people's volunteers together, then, just, you get the image of a real hero.
- In our time, Russia needs heroes (the environment is dying, culture is dying, the real values of life are being lost).
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Regional competition of research works
"Start in Science"
MBOU lyceum №3
Russian bogatyrs:
Who are they?
Completed:
Student 4 "b" class
Mityanov Dmitry
Supervisor:
Mokrova O.V. primary school teacher
Consultant:
Mityanova A. A.
Kulebaki
2013
1. Introduction. Why I chose this topic……………………………………....3
2. Main part…………………………………………………………………..4
2.1 Where did the word "hero" come from? …………………………………four
2.2. Epic heroes………………………………………………………..5
2.3. Epic heroes in Russian culture…………………………………10
2.4. Modern heroes………………………………………………………12
2.5. Questioning…………………………………………………………….15
3. Our conclusions………………………………………………………………..19
4. Materials used…………………………………………….......20
5. Application……………………………………………………………………21
5. 1. Works………………………………………………………………...21
5. 2. Drawings……………………………………………….…………………..23
Glory to the Russian side!
Glory to Russian antiquity!
And about this old
I'll start telling
So that people can know
About the affairs of the native land.
1. Introduction. Why I chose this topic.
I really like to explore the world around me. I made many discoveries for myself from books that I love to read.
Once my mother gave me a book with epics about ancient Russian heroes for the holiday of the Defender of the Fatherland (February 23), and it was as if I opened the door of time and saw the ancient times of our people. Powerful images of Russian heroes and their great feats in the fight against evil, protecting our native land, appeared before my eyes. I admire their courage, prowess, strength, will, but most importantly, their ardent love for the Motherland.
Russian epics are a kind of encyclopedia of folk life, a source of ardent patriotism and our national pride. No wonder they inspired the great Russian poets, writers, composers and artists. The great feats of Russian heroes, their selfless love for the Motherland and me inspired my research. I wanted to know:Why are they called heroes? get to know them better, and also find out if there are heroes now and who are they?
That's why the purpose of my research is to find out who the epic heroes are and whether there are heroes in modern life now.
The object of the study are Russian heroes.
Hypotheses:
- Let's say that heroes are defenders from enemies, warriors with great strength.
- It is possible that the heroes lived a very long time and now they are gone.
- But what if the hero is an example of the great spirit of a Russian person.
Tasks:
Find out who the heroes are and conduct a survey among children and adults;
Get acquainted with literature and works of art about Russian heroes;
Get to know the "great" people of our time;
Compare the qualities of epic and modern heroes; to conclude.
Research methods:reading books, survey, analysis, comparison. Generalization.
My mother and my teacher helped me with the research.
2. The main part.
2. 1. Where did the word "hero" come from?
Now the word "hero" can often be heard: "heroic health", "heroic strength", "heroic dream" we say, "hero" we call every strong and healthy person, athlete, commander, war veteran.
But even 150-200 years ago, every Russian, saying "hero", compared someone with the epic defenders of his native land.
What does this word "hero" mean and where did it come from in our language? At first, the opinions of scientists were of three types:
1. Some believed that the word "hero" was borrowed from the Tatar and Turkic languages, where it appears in various forms: bagadur, batur, batyr, bator. It is assumed that the word has a historical meaning, that its original form of the word was "bogatyr" and that it was originally used in the meaning of "Tatar governor" and the title, as the present "master".
2. Other scientists, Shchepkin and Buslaev, deduced "bogatyr" from the word "God" through "rich".
3. O. Miller and others believed that the word "hero" is Russian and goes back to ancient Slavic history (the Proto-Aryan beginning and the Sanskrit language). The opinion proceeded from the position that the word "bagadur" is not a Tatar one, but is borrowed from the Sanskrit baghadhara (possessing happiness, successful).
At present, after new archaeological discoveries, discoveries of hidden historical facts and historical research, it seems that a revolution in history is planned, since the information is very contradictory to that in textbooks and the accepted history of Russia. And discussions on the origin of the word "hero" resumed.
The philologist V. Kozhinov and the historian L. Prozorov are against borrowing from the Tatar language in favor of Slavic origin. They argue that the word "bogatyr", much closer to the epic form, appeared in the inscriptions of the Bulgarians - "bogotur" (some of these bogotours have quite Slavic names - Slavna, for example).
Our opinion about the word "hero" is also in support of the Slavic origin. It did not come from anywhere, but was always primordially Russian. This opinion is based on the ancient Slavic culture of our people in the period before the Baptism of Russia. This is confirmed by many scientists and historians that Russia has a great past and is much older than previously described.
2.2. Epic heroes.
The theme of heroes takes us more and more into the ancient culture and history of our people. It was very interesting to read about the world outlook of our ancestors. It turns out that they were not savages, as they are described, for example, in our book "The History of Russia for Children and Adults." We learned that our ancestors were wise with a great culture and cared about the spiritual future of the people from childhood. This is reflected in sayings, proverbs, fables, tales, epics.
Epics are also the ancient wisdom of our people only for the older generation. The bylina came from the word "truth", and it is from the ancient Slavic verb - "to be", that is, what was and happened. Epics were composed by storytellers - the keepers of Russian antiquity, the bearers of the historical memory of the people. They went from village to village and chanted (like a song) about the great events of our country, about the heroic heroes, their exploits, how they overcame evil enemies, defended their land, showed their courage, courage, ingenuity, kindness .
In our study, we tried to include ancient figurative thinking and get to know the epic heroes better.
We learned that, according to legends and ancient epics, there first existedgiants-bogatyrs.Let's get acquainted with some of them.
Hero-element
Bogatyr | Description and skills |
Gorynya (Sverni-mountain, Vertigor) | The mountain giant, possessing inhuman strength, twisted stones, broke mountains, violated (changed) the nature of things: “It captures the mountain, carries it to the log and lays out the road, or shakes the mountain on the little finger " |
Dubynya (Dubynech, Vernidub, Vyrvi-oak) | A forest giant with superhuman strength. In his forests, he behaved like a caring owner:“Dubye makes up (levels): which oak is high, that one shoves into the ground, and which is low, pulls from the ground” or “dubye tears” |
Adoption (Usynych, Usynka, Krutius) | River giant, rules the water element: “he stole the river with his mouth, he catches fish with his mustache, he cooks and eats on his tongue, he dammed the river with one mustache, and along the mustache, as if over a bridge, footmen are walking, horsemen are jumping, carts are going, he is with a nail, a beard with an elbow, a mustache is dragging along the ground , wings lie a mile away. |
Dunay Ivanovich | mighty hero,“The Danube is not like other heroes; obviously a stranger from other countries, exuberant in spirit, he is distinguished by some special proud posture.He was in the service of the Lithuanian king, was married to the youngest daughter of the king, Nastasya, a “warrior-woodpile”. In the epic, the Danube, in the competition, falls into Nastasya, and she dies. In despair, he threw himself on his spear and died next to his wife, the Danube River overflows, and the wife - the Nastasya River: “And he fell on a knife with a zealous heart; Since that time, from hot blood, Mother Danube flowed» |
Svyatogor | The bogatyr is a giant of incredible strength. "He is taller than the dark forest, he props up the clouds with his head. He gallops along the Holy Mountains - the mountains stagger under him, he will drive into the river - water splashes out of the river. There is no one with whom Svyatogor can measure his strength. To travel around Russia, to take a walk with other heroes, to fight with enemies, to shake the strength of the hero, but the trouble is: the earth does not hold him, only stone cliffs under his weight do not collapse, do not fall. |
Epics about the heroes-elements, in our opinion, sing of the majesty and spirituality of nature and bring us through the centuries the wisdom of the unity and interconnection of everything in the world. The epic heroes-elements are not people, but they fully correspond to the original image of the hero. The power of natural elements is superior to human, powerful and of divine origin (creative and destructive). She is generous with natural gifts and patronizes everything: animals, vegetation, humans. We assume that therefore the elements were represented in a heroic image.
To replace the hero-element camehero-man. According to historians, epics about the same hero were written for centuries (in different centuries) and reflect the exploits of real warriors. That is, the images of most epic heroes are collective (collected from various folk heroes and events). Let's get acquainted with some heroes from the epics "Volga and Mikula Selyaninovich", "Alyosha Popovich and Tugarin the Serpent", "Dobrynya and the Serpent", "Ilya Muromets and Svyatogor", "Ilya Muromets and the Nightingale the Robber", "Healing of Ilya Muromets", "Ilya Muromets and Kalin - Tsar”, “Ilya Muromets and Idolishche”.
Bogatyr-man
Bogatyr | Description and skills |
Mikula Selyaninovich | Strongly powerful hero-plowman (oratay). He is stronger than not only Volga, but also his entire squad.... a good friend of a bipod is spinning around, but the midges cannot pull it out of the ground ... Then an oratayushko came to a maple bipod. After all, he took the bipod with one hand, he pulled the bipod out of the ground ... ".Mikula helped defend his land from enemies, but he did not give up his agricultural work. He said: "Who will feed Russia then?Mikula's strength is in connection with the land and the common people. |
Alyosha Popovich | Russian young hero from Rostov, who was distinguished by strength, courage, prowess, onslaught, audacity, resourcefulness, sharpness and cunning. Where there was not enough strength in battle, he won with ingenuity. He is boastful, overly sly and evasive. He is distinguished by decisiveness, wit and cheerfulness. Knows how to call for help natural phenomena (rain, hail ..)“... Alyosha had a profitable prayer ...” |
Nikitich | Russian hero from Ryazan, warrior hero and diplomat (negotiated without bloodshed). He combined great strength, boundless courage and courage, military skill, nobility of thoughts and deeds, education, foresight and foresight. He knew how to sing, play the harp, was skilled in chess, and had outstanding diplomatic skills. Dobrynya in all epics expresses his heroic qualities, jealously protects the dignity of the Russian warrior, he is reasonable in speeches, restrained, tactful, caring son and faithful husband. |
Ilya Muromets | The great Russian hero from near Murom, a hero-peasant. He has great spiritual power. And endowed with powerful physical strength. He is distinguished by selfless, unbounded love for the motherland (patriotism), a sense of justice, self-esteem, courage, courage and prowess. He is honest to the smallest detail and straightforward. He is magnanimous and kind when it does not concern enemies. This is a mature and experienced defender of the Russian land. |
The epic hero-man also correspond to the original meaning of the word "hero". The performers of epics gave a very simple explanation to the most incredible epic episodes.: "In the old days, people were not at all the same as they are now - heroes."According to epics, heroes are endowed with superior strength from birth or upon reaching spiritual maturity. According to legend, such power was given only to spiritually mature people, because a less spiritual person can use such power to the detriment of the environment. It seems like a fairy tale, but even my great-grandfather and great-grandmother told about such unusual people in their time. And also the heroes are spiritually strong. The strength lies in the fact that they perform feats for the benefit of all the people, not for rewards, but for the triumph of truth, justice, and freedom; protect Mother Russia without sparing their lives under any circumstances (unequal battle and more). Bogatyrs show the best qualities - love for their native land, selfless courage and fortitude, independence of spirit, struggle for justice, truth, honor, etc.
We think that the unification of Ilya Muromets, Dobrynya Nikitich and Alyosha Popovich is a call and aspiration of the people for unity. The strength of the people is in unity. The combination of the qualities of the three heroes suggests that for the defense of the motherland, victory, not only the strength of the onslaught is important, but also resourcefulness and the ability to resolve the issue peacefully. "Three heroes" is an image of the heroic spirit and power of the Russian people. In the old days they said:“The hands of a Slav are in work, and the mind is with the Almighty.”
2.3. Epic heroes in Russian culture.
Epics of our people inspired many creative people. Now we can get acquainted with the great heroes-heroes by visual, musical, sculptural, works of art.
Russian artists introduce us to the heroes: V. Vasnetsov "Bogatyrs", "The Knight at the Crossroads", etc.; N. Roerich "Ilya Muromets", "Morning of the Heroism of Kyiv", etc.; K. Vasiliev “Ilya Muromets liberates the prisoners”, “The Gift of Svyatogor”, etc.; I. Bilibin "Ilya Muromets and Nightingale the Robber ”, “Dobrynya Nikitich” and others.
V. Vasnetsov "Bogatyrs"
For example, for the figurative embodiment of the heroes beloved by the people, Viktor Vasnetsov managed to find such artistic solutions that made Ilya Muromets, Dobrynya Nikitich, and Alyosha Popovich “alive”. The images of all three are life-truthful, deeply humane, revealed in their personal identity. A mighty, unshakable outpost stands the heroes on the eternal guard of their native land, vigilantly peering into the distance and sensitively listening to everything around them. not a man, not even a bird from abroad will fly by. An irresistible force emanates from the heroes. They are full of folk beauty, they have the indomitable spirit of the people, ready at any moment to give everything for "the honor and freedom of their native land."
In each of the heroes, the artist managed to embody the best, typical features of the Russian character, Russian strength and valor. The majestic calm, coming from the consciousness of the heroes of their rightness and strength, saturates the whole picture. The horses under the mighty riders are to match the riders - powerful, fearless, they boldly and vigilantly look from the canvas. In the background of the picture is the Russian land, their homeland, which they are ready to defend.
Russian music also acquaints us with heroic images: A.P. Borodin "Bogatyrskaya", M.P. Mussorgsky "Bogatyr Gates", N.A. Rimsky-Korsakov "Sadko", A. Grechaninov opera"Nikitich" and others.
For example, Alexander Borodin in his symphony No. 2 "Bogatyrskaya" part 1 (based on Vasnetsov's painting "Bogatyrs") depicted a collection of Russian heroes.
The music of this movement is based on two themes:
The first theme is formidable, resolute, and sounds rather heavy. This is the image of heroes, heroic strength.
The second theme is soft, melodious, lyrical. Here the composer "draws" the image of native Russian nature.
Folk proverbs also acquaint us with heroic images:
- The hero is not glorious by birth, but by a feat.
- There is no better thing than defending your native land from enemies.
- My wealth is a heroic strength, my business is to serve Russia, to defend from enemies.
- In the Russian heart there is a direct honor and love for Mother Russia.
- The hero will die, but his name will remain.
The monument to Ilya Muromets (sculptor V.M. Klykov), which was installed in 1999 in the city park of Murom, is very famous.
It is like a formidable reminder to all foreign invaders that heroes have not yet died out on Russian soil - heroes and there is someone to protect Russia, that the heroic spirit is alive in each of us.
2.4. Modern heroes.
Is there now modern world heroes? To find out, we decided to meet some of the "great" people of the past centuries and our time.
Table 4
Prominent people of Russia
FULL NAME. | Brief information and merits |
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(1871-1949) professional wrestler and athlete | He comes from a poor peasant family from the Poltava region to a poor peasant family. From an early age, he helped his father plow the land, thresh rye. The simplicity of the peasant way of life, the hard physical labor laid down unusual perseverance in the character of the boy, helped to accumulate powerful strength, for which the Russian nugget became famous in the future. While working as a loader in the Sevastopol port, he shouldered a huge box, which was beyond the strength of even three, rose to his full huge height and walked up the trembling gangway. Honored Artist of Russia (1939), Honored Master of Sports (1945). Cavalier of the Order of the Red Banner of Labor (1939) "in the development of Soviet sports." In 1905-08. world champion in classical wrestling among professionals. Wrestled in the circus arena until the age of 70. For 40 years of performances, he has not lost a single competition. He won brilliant victories over almost all the strongest professional wrestlers in the world, for which he was recognized as the "champion of champions". This title was awarded to him by popular rumor. The people called him "Ivan the Invincible", "Thunderstorm of Champions", "Man-Mountain", "Ivan Iron". When the occupation of the Germans began in the Second World War, Poddubny's heart was already aching at that time, he was 70 years old, but he refused to be evacuated and stayed. The Germans offered him to train German wrestlers, but he remained faithful to his homeland:“I am a Russian wrestler. I will remain» .After the liberation of Yeysk, Ivan Maksimovich traveled to nearby military units and hospitals, spoke with memories and raised the morale of the people. A monument was erected in Yeysk, there is a museum and a sports school named after him. On the gravestone of I.M. Poddubny is carved: "Here lies the Russian hero." |
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Alexander Vasilievich Suvorov (1730-1800) great Russian commander | Born into a military family of noble origin. He spent his childhood on his father's estate in the countryside. Suvorov grew weak, was often sick, but from an early age, the craving for military affairs and the decision to become a military man inspires Suvorov to strengthen his body. He hardens and goes in for physical exercises, in any weather he makes long journeys on foot, develops endurance. During his life, the legendary commander fought 63 battles, and all of them were victorious; passed all stages of army service - from private to generalissimo. In two wars against the Ottoman Empire, Suvorov was finally recognized as the "first sword of Russia." He was awarded numerous awards. Possessing extraordinary personal courage, he threw himself into the heat of battle, paying for it with repeated wounds. Unselfishness, generosity, good nature, ease of handling attracted all hearts to him. Suvorov showed a humane attitude towards the civilian population and prisoners, severely pursued looting. Suvorov's patriotism was based on the idea of serving the fatherland, a deep belief in the high combat abilities of the Russian warrior ("In the world there is nowhere a braver Russian").Suvorov entered the history of Russia as an innovative commander who made a huge contribution to the development of military art, developed and implemented an original system of views on the methods and forms of warfare and combat, education and training of troops. Suvorov's strategy was offensive in nature. Suvorov's strategy and tactics were outlined in his work "The Science of Victory". The essence of his tactics is the three martial arts: eye, speed, onslaught. “My offspring, please take my example! ..” |
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We tried to compare the "great" people of our Motherland with the characteristics of a hero.
Characteristics of the hero:
- Physical strength - very strong and powerful, endowed with superior strength from birth or later, when spiritually ready.
- Strength of mind - brave, noble, resolute, with a sense of justice, dignity, has independence of mind, willpower, ingenuity, resourcefulness, loves his native land and the world around him, is ready to fight to the end even without hope of victory, to give his life for his homeland and people .
- Martial arts - may or may not be trained in martial arts. Free in decisions and from duty.
- The life's work is to protect the people and native land from a deadly threat, not out of duty or personal benefit (reward), but at the behest of the soul.
We could not find a hero in the native sense of the word among the "great" people of modern times. Warlords are more like knights. Athletes compete in competitions without a threat to the life of the country, and if suddenly there is a war, they may not go to it. Volunteers are strong in spirit, but may not exceed strength and participate in not all wars. But we do not want to say that there are no heroes. Maybe we don’t know about them, they don’t compose modern epics about them. And the meaning of the word "hero" is now, as it were, blurry.
2.5. Questionnaire
We conducted a survey of children and adults, where we wanted to know the awareness, the opinion of others: how important the topic of Russian heroes is in our time. 12 primary school children and 12 adults took part in our survey.
Poll results:
- To the question "who are the heroes?" children and adults wrote similar responses. General description: Bogatyrs are powerful people of the Russian land, brave, courageous (strong in spirit), warriors, defenders of their homeland and people.
- The most famous heroes:
Among children and adults, the most famous were Ilya Muromets, Dobrynya Nikitich and Alyosha Popovich.
75% of children and 58% of adults would like to be like Ilya Muromets. Because he is the strongest, he always defended his native land and was our countryman.
8% of children - for Dobrynya Nikitich, because he was wise, and of adults 20% - for Alyosha Popovich, because he is strong, the youngest and most savvy.
2% of adults - on Peresvet and Oslyabya - who, after military life, thought about the high meaning of life, went into monasticism. 17% - 20% of children and adults wanted to be like themselves.
- The main qualities of a hero
Children Adults:
Physical Strength (67%) - Physical Strength (75%)
Spirit (33%) - Spirit (16%)
Fortitude marked - love for the Motherland, courage, masculinity, resourcefulness, willpower, kindness, a sense of justice and others.
Military art (9%)
Children see the hero not necessarily as a warrior, but as a person who is always very powerful and strong in spirit. Adults see the hero not only as a powerful and strong spirit, but also knowledgeable in military affairs. Mighty strength is highlighted as the main quality.
- Attracts in heroes
But both children and adults in heroes are attracted by their spiritual qualities (courage, self-confidence, nobility, helping the weak, fighting for justice, love for the Motherland and its defense).
- How did you find out about the heroes?
Children Adults:
Books (epics, tales) (67%) - books (epics, tales) (50%)
Movies and cartoons (25%) - movies and cartoons (33%)
Stories, excursions (8%) - stories, excursions (17%)
Children and adults learned about heroes mainly from books.
- Can a woman be a hero?
67% of children and 25% of adults believe that they cannot, because a woman has less strength and this is not a woman's business, a woman is the keeper of the hearth and family. And 33% of children and 67% of adults believe that they can, because female wisdom, cunning and ingenuity help a woman win.
- Are there any heroes now? Who can be named?
83% of children and 25% of adults believe that there are no real heroes anymore, because over time people have changed or do not know about them, and the heroes remained the heroes of antiquity. But 7% of children and 67% of adults believe that even now there are heroes - these are athletes, soldiers of war, commanders.
- Is it possible to become rich?
Most children and adults think they can. To do this, you need to believe in yourself, go in for sports, be fair, kind, wise, honest, train willpower, spirit, help people, be a patriot. But some children and adults believe that it will not work. Because physical and spiritual data are laid from nature (God). You can become a good person, a strong athlete, a hero, but not a hero.
- Is it honorable to be a hero in our time?
Half of the adults and some of the children believe that now it is not honorable to be a hero. Because over time, the character traits for which the heroes were respected ceased to be valued, and the aspirations of people changed towards the achievement of material values. But most children and 42% of adults think it's an honor. Because we lack such people as heroes, they believe in eternal human values, they look with hope and optimism into the future.
3. Our findings
As a result of our study, we conducted a survey among children and adults, learned their opinion about the heroes of the past and present; learned the origin of the word "hero"; got acquainted with literature and works of art about Russian heroes; got acquainted with epic heroes; get acquainted with the "great" people of our and past time; compared the qualities of epic and modern heroes.
I am sure that the topic of our research is very important for any generation, because we must know our past, the great deeds of our people, our heroes. They are an example of courage and valor, the pride of our land and bring up the Russian spirit in us.
Although modern heroes do not completely look like heroes, they have absorbed part of their strength. They are also strong in spirit, stand guard over peace and life, show the power and strength of our Motherland. And as long as we have such heroes, as long as we remember them, the heroic spirit of the Russian people is also alive.
We think that if we combine the qualities of athletes, military leaders and people's volunteers together, then we will get the image of a real hero.
In our time, Russia needs heroes (the environment is dying, culture is dying, the real values of life are being lost).
Let's awaken the heroic spirit in each of us and fight back any enemy!
And strong, mighty heroes in glorious Russia!
Do not jump enemies on our Earth!
Do not trample their horses on the Russian Land,
Do not overshadow our red sun!
Russia stands for a century - it does not stagger!
And it will stand for centuries - it will not move!
4. Used materials.
1. Pictures from the site on the Internet
2. Anikin V.P. Epics. Russian folk tales. Chronicles. Moscow: Higher school, 1986.
3. Epics. Russian folk tales. M.: Children's literature, 1986.
4. Epics. Russian folk tales. Old Russian stories / Anikin V.P., Likhachev D.S., Mikhelson T.N. M.: Children's literature, 1979.
5. Rybakov B.A. Russia: Legends. Epics. Chronicles. M.: Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences, 1963.
6. Selivanov V.I. Bogatyr epic of the Russian people / Epics. M.: Soviet literature, 1988. v.1. - p.5-25.
7. Wikipedia website
5. Application
5. 1. Compositions.
Composition based on the painting by V. M. Vasnetsov “Heroes” of a student of grade 4-B MBOU Lyceum No. 3 Bogatov Ilya
The painting by V. M. Vasnetsov depicts three heroes. Bogatyrs are powerful, brave. They vigilantly look into the distance, fulfill their heroic duty. The expression on their faces is serious, their eyes are formidable, they are very collected, ready to fight at any moment. The heroes are very confident in themselves and are ready to die for Russia.
Ilya Muromets is wearing chain mail, has gray mittens on his hands, and boots to match his brown pants. He is holding a large spear. And the mighty hero himself sits on his black horse in the center of the picture.
Dobrynya Nikitich is to the right of Ilya Muromets. He is also dressed in heroic style, and holds a shield and a sword in his hands. His beard is long and well groomed.
Alyosha Popovich is the youngest of the heroes, he is without a beard and rather thin. He has a bow in his hand.
Bogatyr horses are well-groomed and beautiful. Their manes and tails flutter in the wind. The artist depicted the Christmas trees in the foreground of the picture as small, and the heroes as large, this emphasizes the power and strength of the heroes. The sky in the picture is gloomy, everything is covered with heavy gray clouds, and a strong wind that sways the grass and waves the horses' manes.
I really liked this picture. I am proud of our Motherland, its heroes - heroes who, in difficult times, defended the country and the common people.
An essay based on the painting by V. M. Vasnetsov “Heroes” by a student of grade 4-A MBOU Lyceum No. 3 Kurova Anastasia
Viktor Mikhailovich Vasnetsov worked on the painting "Bogatyrs" for twenty years. And on April 23, 1898, it was completed and bought by Tretyakov for his gallery.
The painting depicts three heroes - Dobrynya Nikitich, Ilya Muromets and Alyosha Popovich. Ilya Muromets is powerful, wise, he is in the center on a black horse. He is the oldest of the heroes. And the horse suits him. He is dressed in chain mail. He has a spear in one hand and a club in the other. On the left, on a white horse, is a resolute, impetuous, noble hero - Dobrynya Nikitich. He is the only one of a noble family. He is dressed in chain mail, has a pointed helmet on his head, and overseas boots on his feet. The horse has an elegant harness, with three golden crescents, this is a sign of victory over the Tatars. On the right, on a bay horse, Alyosha Popovich holds a bow with arrows in his hands. Compared to his comrades, he is young and slim. On Alyosha's side is a quiver. His horse bent his head so that the rider could shoot at any moment.
Three heroes stand on a wide plain, turning into a low hill, in the middle of which we see withered grass and occasionally small Christmas trees peeping through. The sky in the picture is cloudy and disturbing, which means the danger threatening the heroes.
Vasnetsov wanted us to be proud of our heroic ancestors, to remember them, to love the land where we were born.
The picture evokes a feeling of confidence that the heroes are invincible.
5.2. Drawings.
Drawing "Ilya Muromets"4-B class student Ilya Chekhlov
https://accounts.google.com
Slides captions:
Russian heroes: who are they? Completed by: Pupil of 4 "b" class MBOU Lyceum No. 3 Mityanov Dmitry Head: Mokrova O.V. primary school teacher Consultant: Mityanova A. A.
And strong, mighty heroes in glorious Russia! Do not jump enemies on our Earth! Do not trample their horses on the Russian Land, Do not overshadow our red sun! Russia stands for a century - it does not stagger! And it will stand for centuries - it will not move!
The purpose of the study is to find out who the epic heroes are, whether there are heroes in modern life. Hypotheses: Let's assume that the heroes are defenders from enemies, warriors with great strength. It is possible that the heroes lived a very long time and now they are gone. But what if the hero is an example of the great spirit of a Russian person. Russian heroes: who are they?
Study plan
The study of the word "bogatyr" "Bogatyr" in those distant times when this word was born meant - the one who surpasses the exorbitant (impossible to measure) power from God and carries it in himself (spiritually strong), "rich" - not in gold and diamonds, but spiritually and bodily.
Epic heroes Gorynya (Sverni-mountain, Vertigor) Dubynya (Dubynech, Vernidub, Tear-oak) Usynya (Usynych, Usynka, Krutius) Dunai Ivanovich Svyatogor
Epic heroes Mikula Selyaninovich Alyosha Popovich Dobrynya Nikitich Ilya Muromets
Epic heroes in Russian culture Painting by V Vasnetsov “Heroes” Excerpts from the essays on the painting “Heroes” by 4th grade students of MBOU Lyceum No. 3: “I look at the painting by V. M. Vasnetsov “Heroes”. On it we see three heroes, three heroes, whom the people sang in their epics and legends ... "(Levkin E.) "... In the center of the picture is the most important of the heroes - Ilya Muromets. Next to him are Dobrynya Nikitich and Alyosha Popovich…” (Sukhareva L.) “…Powerful, brave heroes. They vigilantly look into the distance, fulfilling their heroic duty. The expression on their faces is serious, their gaze is formidable ... They are ready to rush into battle at any moment ... ”(Bogatov I.)
Epic heroes in the drawings of students Drawing "Ilya Muromets" by a student of 4-B class Chekhlov Ilya Drawing "The struggle of a hero with dark forces" by a student of 4-B class Dmitry Mityanov
Epic heroes in Russian culture Monument to Ilya Muromets in the city of Murom (sculptor V.M. Klykov) Composer A.P. Borodin Symphony No. 2 "Bogatyrskaya"
Modern heroes Ivan Maksimovich Poddubny (1871-1949) professional wrestler and athlete Alexander Vasilyevich Suvorov (1730-1800) great Russian commander Nikolai Gastello Alexey Meresyev Alexander Matrosov
Public opinion poll Who are the heroes? What heroes do you know? How did you find out about the heroes? What qualities and skills are endowed with heroes? What attracts in bogatyrs, why are epic bogatyrs national heroes? Which hero would you like to be like? Why? What do you think, can a woman be a hero? Why? Are there any heroes now? List who you know. Can we call heroes those who defended our Motherland in the Great Patriotic War? Why? Is it possible to become rich? How? Is it honorable to be a hero in our time? Why?
Poll results 1. Bogatyrs are powerful people of the Russian land, brave, courageous (strong in spirit), warriors, defenders of their homeland and people. 2. The most famous heroes: 3. The main qualities of a hero: Children: Adults: - physical strength (67%) - physical strength (75%) - strength of mind (33%) - strength of spirit (16%) - military art (9% ) four . Attracts in heroes - spiritual qualities (courage, self-confidence, nobility, help to the weak, struggle for justice, love for the Motherland and its protection).
Poll results 5 . How did you find out about the heroes? Children: Adults: - books (epics, tales) (67%) - books (epics, tales) (50%) movies and cartoons (25%) - movies and cartoons (33%) stories, excursions (8%) - stories , excursions (17%) 6. Can a woman be a hero? 67% of children and 25% of adults believe that they cannot 33% of children and 67% of adults believe that they can 7. Are there heroes now? Who can be named? 83% of children and 25% of adults believe that real heroes are already 7% of children and 67% of adults believe that there are heroes even now
9. Is it honorable in our time to be a hero? Poll results 8. Is it possible to become a hero?
My conclusions The topic of our research is very important for any generation, because we must know our past, the great deeds of our people, our heroes. They are an example of courage and valor, the pride of our land and bring up the Russian spirit in us. Modern heroes are not completely like heroes, but they have absorbed part of their strength. They are also strong in spirit, stand guard over peace and life, show the power and strength of our Motherland. In our time, Russia needs heroes (the environment is dying, culture is dying, the real values of life are being lost).
Russian epics are a reflection of historical events retold by the people, and as a result, have undergone strong changes. Each hero and villain in them is most often a real-life person, whose life or activity was taken as the basis of a character or a collective and very important image for that time.
Heroes of epics
Ilya Muromets (Russian hero)
Glorious Russian hero and brave warrior. This is exactly how Ilya Muromets appears in the Russian epic epic. Serving faithfully to Prince Vladimir, the warrior was paralyzed from birth and sat on the stove for exactly 33 years. Brave, strong and fearless, he was cured of paralysis by the elders and gave all his heroic strength to the defense of the Russian lands from the Nightingale the Robber, the invasion of the Tatar yoke and the Pogany Idol.
The hero of epics has a real prototype - Ilya Pechersky, canonized as Ilya Muromets. In his youth, he suffered paralysis of the limbs, and died from a blow to the heart with a spear.
Dobrynya Nikitich (Russian hero)
Another hero from the famous trio of Russian heroes. He served Prince Vladimir and carried out his personal assignments. He was the closest of all the heroes to the princely family. Strong, brave, dexterous and fearless, he swam perfectly, knew how to play the harp, knew about 12 languages and was a diplomat in solving state affairs.
The real prototype of the glorious warrior is the governor Dobrynya, who was the maternal uncle of the prince himself.
Alyosha Popovich (Russian hero)
Alyosha Popovich is the youngest of the three heroes. He is famous not so much for his strength as for his onslaught, resourcefulness and cunning. A lover of boasting about his achievements, he was instructed on the true path by senior heroes. In relation to them behaved in two ways. Supporting and protecting the glorious trio, he falsely buried Dobrynya in order to marry his wife Nastasya.
Olesha Popovich is a Rostov brave boyar, whose name is associated with the appearance of the image of the epic hero-hero.
Sadko (Novgorod hero)
Lucky gusler from Novgorod epics. For many years he earned his daily bread by playing the harp. Having received an award from the Tsar of the Sea, Sadko became rich and set off by sea with 30 ships to overseas countries. On the way, a benefactor took him to himself as a ransom. On the instructions of Nicholas the Wonderworker, the guslar managed to escape from captivity.
The prototype of the hero is Sodko Sytinets, a Novgorod merchant.
Svyatogor (hero-giant)
A giant and a hero who possessed remarkable strength. Huge and mighty, born in the mountains of Saints. As he walked, the forests trembled and the rivers overflowed. Svyatogor transferred part of his strength in the writings of the Russian epic to Ilya Muromets. Shortly thereafter, he died.
There is no real prototype of the image of Svyatogor. It is a symbol of a huge primitive power, which has never been used.
Mikula Selyaninovich (heroic plowman)
Bogatyr and peasant who plowed the land. According to the epics, he was familiar with Svyatogor and gave that bag to lift the full weight of the earth. According to legend, it was impossible to fight with the plowman, he was under the protection of Mother Raw Earth. His daughters are the wives of the heroes, Stavr and Dobrynya.
The image of Mikula is fictional. The name itself is derived from the common at that time Michael and Nicholas.
Volga Svyatoslavich (Russian hero)
Hero-bogatyr of ancient epics. He possessed not only impressive strength, but also the ability to understand the language of birds, as well as turn around any animal and wrap others in them. He went on campaigns to the Turkish and Indian lands, and after that he became their ruler.
Many scientists identify the image of Volga Svyatoslavich with Oleg the Prophet.
Nikita Kozhemyaka (Kyiv hero)
Hero of Kyiv epics. A brave hero with great strength. Could easily tear apart a dozen folded bull skins. He tore out the skin with meat from the angry bulls rushing at him. He became famous for having defeated the snake, freeing the princess from his captivity.
The hero owes his appearance to the myths about Perun, reduced to everyday manifestations of miraculous power.
Stavr Godinovich (Chernigov boyar)
Stavr Godinovich is a boyar from Chernihiv region. Known for his good playing on the harp and strong love for his wife, whose talents he was not averse to boasting to others. In epics, the role is not the main one. More famous is his wife Vasilisa Mikulishna, who rescued her husband from imprisonment in the dungeons of Vladimir the Red Sun.
There is a mention of the real Sotsky Stavra in the annals of 1118. He was also imprisoned in the cellars of Prince Vladimir Monomakh after the riots.
There is probably no such person in Russia who would not have heard of the heroes. Heroes who came to us from ancient Russian songs-tales - epics, have always been popular with writers, artists, and filmmakers. The next round of the heroes' popularity is associated with the release of a series of animated films dedicated to their somewhat modernized adventures.
At the same time, most Russians know only about a very narrow circle of heroes. In fact, the number of heroic epics that have come down to our time is in the hundreds, and the heroes themselves are divided by scientists into several categories. Heroes of the pagan and Christian era, pre-Tatar, Tatar and post-Tatar are distinguished ...
Ilya Muromets and Svyatogor. Painting by Ivan Bilibin. Photo: commons.wikimedia.org
There is a large group of heroes associated with Kyiv and Prince Vladimir, but there are also those who have nothing to do with the "central government" at all, remaining the "regional heroes" of individual cities.
The adventures of some heroes are intertwined with each other, while others act independently.
Svyatogor
Svyatogor is so huge that it is "higher than a standing forest, lower than a walking cloud." The hero lived on the Holy Mountains, during his trip Mother - Cheese Earth shakes, forests sway and rivers overflow their banks.
The father of the hero was called "dark", that is, blind, which in East Slavic mythology was a sign of creatures from another world.
Svyatogor does not carry any service, although it intersects with other heroes. So, in one of the epics, Svyatogor travels with Ilya Muromets, and they meet a stone coffin on the way. Deciding to try it on, Svyatogor turns out to be his prisoner and dies, transferring part of his strength to Ilya Muromets. In another epic, the story with the coffin is preceded by intimate adventures - Ilya Muromets is seduced by the wife of Svyatogor. Upon learning of this, Svyatogor kills the fallen woman, and with Ilya, who cuckolded him, enters into a brotherhood.
In another epic, Svyatogor is measured by the heroic strength with another "colleague" - Mikula Selyaninovich. A cunning opponent throws a bag on the ground, in which “all the burden of the earth” was enclosed, offering Svyatogor to pick it up. This attempt ends with the death of the hero.
In epics, Svyatogor dies more often than other heroes. Scientists attribute this to the fact that this image personifies the primitive forces of nature, an element that does not serve man.
Mikula Selyaninovich
Mikula Selyaninovich, like Svyatogor, is not in any service with the prince and is not a warrior. But, unlike Svyatogor, Mikula Selyaninovich is engaged in a socially useful business - he is a hero-plowman.
Mikula Selyaninovich. Illustration for the book "Russian epic heroes". Photo: Commons.wikimedia.org / Butko
It is impossible to fight Mikula Selyaninovich, because Mother Earth Cheese is behind him. That is why Mikula Selyaninovich is able to raise the bag with "all the burden of the earth", in contrast to Svyatogor, whom this attempt destroys.
Scientists find in the image of Mikula Selyaninovich a lot in common with the Slavic god Perun. According to one version, popularity in Russia Nicholas the Wonderworker is rooted in the veneration of Mikula Selyaninovich.
If we take into account that the image of St. Nicholas served to create a story about a Christmas wizard, who in our area is stubbornly associated with Santa Claus, then we can build a chain according to which Santa Claus is a retired hero Mikula Selyaninovich.
Unlike Svyatogor, who in the epics has only an unfaithful wife, Mikula Selyaninovich has daughters - Vasilisa and Nastasya. Nastasya became the wife of Dobrynya Nikitich, and as for Vasilisa, she is well known to fans of Soviet cartoons - this is the same Vasilisa Mikulishna, who, pretending to be an ambassador from the Golden Horde, released her husband Stavr Godinovich from prison.
Ilya Muromets
Ilya Muromets, the first among the so-called "junior heroes", warrior heroes, is perhaps best known to the general public.
After sitting at home until the age of 33, unable to use his arms and legs, he was healed by the elders and set off to perform feats. It is curious that epics were told about the service of Ilya to Prince Vladimir of Kyiv only in part of the Russian lands - in other regions, the exploits of the hero were exclusively his personal affair.
Ilya Muromets in the painting "Bogatyrsky lope" by Viktor Vasnetsov. Reproduction
The most common and classic feat of Ilya Muromets is the victory over the Nightingale the Robber. At the same time, Muromets is perhaps the most popular hero, more than a dozen original epics are dedicated to his exploits. Among those whom Ilya defeated are Idolishche Poganoe, a certain snake, Kalin the Tsar and many others.
Ilya's life is quite stormy: he has a wife, Zlatygorka, a son, Sokolnik (in another version, a daughter), he actively interacts with other Russian heroes. At the same time, if relations with Dobrynya Nikitich and Alyosha Popovich are more often friendly, then meetings with Svyatogor end badly for the latter.
If Svyatogor and Mikula Selyaninovich do not have a real prototype, then Ilya Muromets has several of them.
Most often it is associated with Ilya Pechersky, a monk of the Kiev-Pechersk Lavra, who lived in the XII century. The strong man, born in Murom, bore the nickname "Chobotok". The hero received this nickname because he once fought off enemies with a “chobot”, that is, a boot.
"Nikitich". Illustration by Andrey Ryabushkin for the book "Russian epic heroes". Photo: Commons.wikimedia.org / Butko
According to one version, the hero became a monk after being seriously wounded in battle. An examination of the relics of Elijah Pechersky showed that he really died from the consequences of a blow to the chest with a sharp weapon. The prototype of Muromets could die in 1204 during the capture of Kyiv Prince Rurik Rostislavich when the Kiev-Pechersk Lavra was defeated by the Polovtsians.
Nikitich
Unlike Ilya Muromets, Dobrynya Nikitich is a person close to the Kyiv prince, who fulfills his instructions. Dobrynya does not shun the collection and transportation of tribute, takes on those tasks that her colleagues refuse for some reason, and has a penchant for diplomacy.
The most famous opponent of Dobrynia is the Serpent, better known as the Serpent-Gorynych, from whose captivity the hero frees the niece of Prince Zabava Putyatishna.
Dobrynya is the most creative person among the heroes. He plays tavlei (Old Russian checkers) well, sings well and plays the harp.
Dobrynya Nikitich has extensive connections - in addition to being close to the prince, he is married to Nastasya Mikulishna, the daughter of Mikula Selyaninovich.
According to the epics, Dobrynya is the son of the Ryazan governor. The most likely prototype of the hero is called Dobrynya, governor of Prince Vladimir the Holy. Dobrynya was an extremely influential person, since he was the prince's uncle - he was his mother's brother Malushi. For a certain time, Dobrynya was a mentor for the prince, a senior comrade.
Alyosha Popovich. Illustration for the book "Russian epic heroes". Photo: Commons.wikimedia.org / Butko
Alyosha Popovich
Alyosha Popovich is the most dubious character from the "classic trio" of heroes. The son of a Rostov priest, Alyosha is boastful, puffy, sly, sometimes he allows himself unacceptable jokes, for which he is condemned by his comrades.
So, for example, in one of the epics, Alyosha harasses Dobrynya's wife Nastasya Mikulishna, spreading false rumors about the death of a comrade.
In another epic, Alyosha is beheaded by the angry brothers of Elena or Alena, who was seduced by him. True, in the more famous version, Alyosha Popovich had to marry Alyonushka in order to avoid the worst.
Alyosha's main opponent is Tugarin, an evil hero, behind whom one can guess the image of a nomad, with whom the Russians have been fighting for a long time.
The main historical prototype of Alyosha Popovich is the Rostov boyar Olesha (Alexander) Popovich. An excellent warrior, Olesha served Prince Vsevolod the Big Nest, and then participated in the internecine wars of his sons. Subsequently, Olesha Popovich went to the service of Prince Mstislav the Old and died with him in 1223 in the Battle of Kalka, which became the first meeting of the Russians with the Tatar-Mongols. Killed in the same battle Dobrynya Ryazanets Gold Belt, another candidate for the prototypes of the epic Dobrynya Nikitich.
Foreword
about times long past, into a very special world - the world of knights and heroes, unheard-of heroic deeds, mighty forces that do not know how to restrain, we are transferred by ancient songs sung by the people, the so-called epics.
The people themselves, in time immemorial, composed these amazing songs-tales about Russian heroes and heroes of hoary, distant antiquity.
And these legends passed from mouth to mouth, from old people to children, artlessly passing on to each new generation the ancient ones. There were - because the people believe in the existence of heroes in the past, believe that everything that is told really happened. Much has been preserved in historical records and annals, indicating that some events that turned into epics really happened, only the people remade these legends in their own way, embellished them and exaggerated them.
Epics tell us about the outlandish "old woman", when the people did not yet know the limit of their "power" and did not yet know how to use it for the benefit of their homeland. But time passed: the people, like a child, grew up and learned to think; he arranged his life, made friends and enemies, and the silushka found an outlet for herself in serving for the benefit of her relatives, for the benefit of her homeland; and the people began to sing about other heroes who stood guard over Russia, at the outpost.
Bylina is the people themselves with all its dark and light sides; the epic is the very life of Russia, and this life is drawn in songs from all sides, with all the details of the home, military and court environment. And this gives the epic a special value: it resurrects before us the old Russian way of life with the smallest details.
Each nation has its own poetry, similar to our epics, its own, as they say, epic, depicting the life of one or another people, and our epics are among the most poetic and beautiful epic songs.
For a long time, folk songs-tales, known as epics, did not attract attention and remained unrecorded until the scientists Rybnikov and Hilferding (and many others) became interested in them. When the epics were collected and printed, everyone was surprised to learn about the new wealth of Russian poetry, about the new beauties that these “fairy tales” hid in themselves, as they were previously considered. And behind these “fairy tales”, in addition to their deep poetry, they recognized a tremendous pedagogical significance, recognized that epics teach us to love our homeland and the people who created them, the strength, valor, remarkable mind and good qualities of which are revealed in the legends he created.
But in its original form, in the form in which the people "said" them, the epics are too voluminous and inconvenient for reading to an unprepared reader. Here we need a retelling that is accessible for general understanding, but one that would preserve all the main forms of the epic, the spirit and images of the originals, eliminating everything that is inappropriate, contradictory or too often repeated at the expense of clarity of content.
To satisfy this requirement is the purpose of this publication, which contains all the most outstanding epics about Russian heroes and knights.
What is given by the mighty imagination of the people is supplemented in this edition by the drawings of the artist, who was completely imbued with the heroic spirit of the epics and, accordingly, tried to reproduce the wondrous episodes of the heroic deeds and embody the majestic images of the mighty Russian epic heroes and knights.
Volga Svyatoslavich
The red sun set behind the blue seas, behind the high mountains, a bright moon rose into the sky and brought a cheerful round dance of clear, frequent stars behind it ... That night, a mighty hero, young Volga Svyatoslavich, was born in Kyiv.
At the hour of his birth, the earth trembled and the blue sea stirred; the animals all fled: deer and tours climbed into their holes, foxes and hares hid in the forest thickets, wolves, bears huddled in the spruce forests, the birds climbed high into the sky, the fish went into the depths of the sea: everyone felt that a thunderstorm had come upon them: a mighty hero.
Volga grows by leaps and bounds, speaks loudly, like thunder; says to his young mother Marfa Vseslavievna such speeches:
Empress Mother! Don’t swaddle me in expensive diapers, don’t put silk belts on me - swaddle me in strong damask armor, put a golden helmet on my violent head, put a heavy, heavy lead stick in my hands, weighing three hundred pounds!
The mighty Volga has grown up; his mother gave him seven years to study; science went to him for the future: he learned all sorts of sciences and tricks, but this learning seemed to him not enough. Volga left the house for the high mountains, for the dark forests, for the old wise men, and Volga learned from them various tricks: Volga learned to wrap himself in a clear falcon, and a gray wolf, and a bay turk with golden horns.
At the age of twelve, Volga began to clean up his squad: for three years good fellows came to him, they came from noon, and from the north, and from the east, and from the west: there were seven thousand squads, all brave and strong fellows.
And Volga went with his retinue to an open field to get fame and wealth for himself.
My brave friend! - says Volga, - wind silk ropes, set snares on damp ground, catch martens and foxes, wild animals and black sables.
The squad obeyed Volga: they twisted ropes, set snares; Good fellows spent three days and three nights at work: only no animal is caught, as if on purpose, - the squad returned to Volga empty-handed.
Then Volga turned into a mighty lion, ran into the forests, stuffed every animal, fed his retinue like a king, dressed a black sable in fur coats.
For the second time, Volga sends good fellows:
My brave friend! wind silk ropes, set snares on the branches of trees: catch geese, swans, bright falcons, small birds!
Volga's squad spent three days and three nights hunting: not a single bird got tangled in the snares; came to Volga empty-handed.
Volga turned into a nauy-bird, soared like an arrow into the sky; I caught, stuffed all kinds of birds, brought them to my squad.
Volga says for the third time:
My brave friend! Take steel hatchets, build a strong oak ship, throw silk nets into the sea, catch all kinds of fish: salmon and whitefish, and pikes, and small fish, and expensive sturgeons.
The knights spent three days and three nights at sea; We didn't even catch one small fish! They don't know how to show themselves to Volga.
Volga sees that things are bad, he will have to go for prey himself. Here Volga turned into a pike fish, sank to the deep seabed, caught all kinds of fish; fed his druzhinushka sugar dishes, but all the variables. They live for themselves, they live, they don’t know any care, they don’t know.
If you ask the average person in our country to name the names of Russian heroes, you will almost certainly be named Ilya Muromets, Dobrynya Nikitich and Alyosha Popovich. And here is further - hitch. Thanks to popular culture, only these three have become widely known. Meanwhile, there were much more heroes in Russia, but not everyone knows about them. Let's try to rectify the situation and tell in this collection about the "unknown" Russian heroes.
One of the most ancient heroes of the Russian epic epic. Svyatogor is a giant hero so big and strong that even Mother Earth Cheese could not stand him. However, Svyatogor himself, according to the epic, could not overcome the “earthly pull” contained in the bag: trying to raise the bag, he went to the ground with his feet.
The legendary plowman-hero, with whom you can not fight, because "the whole family of Mikuls loves Mother - Cheese Earth." According to one of the epics, it was Mikula Selyaninovich who asked the giant Svyatogor to pick up a bag that had fallen to the ground. Svyatogor could not do this. Then Mikula Selyaninovich raised the bag with one hand and said that it contained "all the burden of the earth." Folklore says that Mikula Selyaninovich had two daughters: Vasilisa and Nastasya. And they became the wives of Stavr and Dobrynya Nikitich, respectively. 
Volga is one of the most ancient heroes in Russian epics. His distinguishing features were the ability to shapeshift and the ability to understand the language of birds and animals. According to legend, Volga is the son of a snake and Princess Marfa Vseslavievna, who miraculously conceived him by accidentally stepping on a snake. When he saw the light, the earth trembled and a terrible fear fettered all living beings. An interesting episode of the meeting between Volga and Mikula Selyaninovich is described by epics. During the collection of taxes from the cities of Gurchevets and Orekhovets, Volga met the plowman Mikula Selyaninovich. Seeing a mighty hero in Mikul, Volga called him with him to the squad to collect taxes. Having driven off, Mikula remembered that he had forgotten the plow in the ground. Twice Volga sent combatants to pull out that plow, on the third time he himself and his squad did not overcome the whole. Mikula pulled out that plow with one hand. 
Hero of the Kyiv epic cycle. According to legend, Sukhman goes to get a white swan for Prince Vladimir. During the trip, he sees that the Nepra River is fighting the Tatar force, which is building Kalinov bridges on it in order to go to Kyiv. Sukhman beats the Tatar force, but during the battle he gets wounds, which he covers with leaves. Sukhman returns to Kyiv without the swans. Prince Vladimir does not believe him and orders him to be imprisoned for boasting in the cellar, and sends Dobrynya Nikitich to find out if Sukhman told the truth, and when it turns out that the truth is, Vladimir wants to reward Sukhman; but he removes the leaves from the wounds and bleeds. The river Sukhman flowed from his blood. 
One of the most popular heroic images in Russian epics. Unlike the three main characters of the epic (Ilya Muromets, Dobrynya Nikitich and Alyosha Popovich), Danube Ivanovich is a tragic character. According to legend, during the wedding, Danube and Nastasya Korolevichna, who was also a hero, begin to brag, Danube - courage, and Nastasya - accuracy. They arrange a duel and Nastasya shoots the silver ring lying on the head near the Danube three times. Unable to recognize his wife's superiority, Danube orders her to repeat the dangerous ordeal in reverse: the ring is now on Nastasya's head, and Danube shoots. The arrow of the Danube hits Nastasya. She dies, and the Danube finds out, “spreading her womb”, that she was pregnant with a wonderful baby: “knee-deep legs in silver, elbow-deep little hands in gold, frequent stars on her braids.” The Danube rushes to his saber and dies next to his wife, the Danube River originates from his blood. 
One of the minor heroes. He is known only in northern Russian epics as a handsome man and snake fighter. There are several legends about him. According to one of them, while hunting Mikhailo met a swan who turned into a girl - Avdotya Lebed Belaya. They got married and took an oath that if someone dies earlier, then the survivor will be buried with the deceased in the same grave. When Avdotya died, Potyk, along with her corpse, was lowered into the grave, on a horse in full armor. A snake appeared in the grave, which the hero killed, and with his blood he resurrected his wife. According to other epics, the wife drugged Potyk and turned him to stone, and she herself fled with Tsar Koshchei. The comrades of the hero - Ilya, Alyosha and others, save Potyk and avenge him by killing Koshchei and quartering the unfaithful White Swan.
A hero in Russian epics, acting in one epic as a matchmaker and groom. The story of Khoten and his bride is practically the old Russian story of Romeo and Juliet. According to legend, the Mother of Khoten, a widow, at one feast wooed her son to the beautiful China Sentinel. But the girl's mother answered her with an insulting refusal, which was heard by all the feasters. When Khoten found out about this, he went to the bride and she agreed to marry him. But the girl's mother was categorically against it. Then Khoten demanded a duel and beat the nine brothers of his bride. China's mother asks the prince for an army to deal with the hero, but Khoten also defeats him. After that, Hoten marries the girl, taking a rich dowry. 
Formally, he does not belong to the heroes, but he is a snake-fighter hero. According to legend, the daughter of the prince of Kyiv was carried away by a serpent and kept in captivity. Having learned from the serpent himself that he is afraid of only one person in the world - Nikita Kozhemyaku, she sends a letter with a dove to her father with a request to find this hero and encourage him to fight the serpent. When the envoys of the prince entered the hut of Kozhemyaki, who was busy with his usual business, out of surprise he rips through 12 skins. At the prince's first request to fight the snake, Nikita refuses. Then the prince sends the elders to him, who also could not persuade Nikita. For the third time, the prince sends children to the hero, and their crying touches Nikita, he agrees. Wrapped in hemp and smeared with resin to become invulnerable, the hero fights with the snake and frees the prince's daughter. Further, as the legend says, the snake, defeated by Nikita, begs him for mercy and offers to share the land equally with him. Nikita forges a plow of 300 pounds, harnesses a snake into it and draws a furrow from Kyiv to the Black Sea; then, starting to divide the sea, the serpent drowns. 
Also formally not a hero, but a very strong hero, representing the ideal of valiant and boundless prowess. From childhood, Vasily was a daredevil, did not know any constraints and did everything just the way he liked. At one of the feasts, Vasily bets that he will fight at the head of his squad on the Volkhov bridge with all the Novgorod peasants. The battle begins, and Vasily's threat to beat all opponents to the last is close to being carried out; only the intervention of Vasily's mother saves the Novgorodians. In the next epic, feeling the weight of his sins, Basil goes to pray for them in Jerusalem. But the pilgrimage to holy places does not change the character of the hero: he defiantly violates all prohibitions and dies in the most ridiculous way on the way back, trying to prove his youth. 
One of the most original heroes of the Kyiv epic epic. According to legend, Duke arrives in Kyiv from “Rich India”, which, apparently, was the name of the Galicia-Volyn land. Upon arrival, the Duke begins to brag about the luxury of his city, his own wealth, his clothes, which his horse brings daily from India, and finds the wine and rolls of the prince of Kyiv tasteless. Vladimir, in order to test Duke's boasting, sends an embassy to Duke's mother. As a result, the embassy admits that if you sell Kyiv and Chernigov and buy papers for an inventory of Dyukov's wealth, then that paper will not be enough.
